College Is Like A Marriage - 1855 Words

College is like a marriage. You can marry a Christian, a non-Christian, or no one at all. Who you marry carries influence to shape you through a meaningful relationship. That is why it is so important as a Christian to marry someone who believes in Christ, so that together you can grow in your love for Christ and as a result, for each-other. Once you marry someone, regardless of religion you have two options. To live your days intentionally committed to growing, connecting, and learning with your spouse. Or to let your days pass, content with whatever comes along. The first takes commitment and effort, the second does not. In the same way you have the choice to attend a Christian, Secular, or no College at all. Where you choose to go†¦show more content†¦Attending public high-school, was the closest thing I experienced to a secular Liberal Arts Education. I was in fellowship with others who were striving to become educated, in order to land a successful college career, and job after. It was all self-centered. Augustine concludes, â€Å"Furthermore, what profit was it to me that I, rascally slave of selfish ambition that I was, read and understood by myself as many books as I could get concerning the so-called liberal arts? (Augustine 74) Augustine fell into the easy trap when It comes to the pursuit of education. He was so focused on finding his self-worth in how many books he read, and how much knowledge he could acquire, that he forgot about Christ. He admits that he did not recognize the source of the knowledge, and that what he understood in the arts of grammar and rhetoric, of dialectic, geometry, music and arithmetic, was a result of God’s gift that he had of intelligence and keenness (Augustine 74). Augustine became one of the most influential writers of Christian doctrine after an education of the Liberal Arts. However, it was only after his long journey of faith that he used his education to glorify God’s kingdom. It was afte r he accepted Christ into his heart that he was able to truly benefit from his education. The Liberal Arts allows students to study a variety of subjects which allow for explorations. Forcing a student to check off the tiny Gen-ed

Compare and Contrast Two Sociological theories - 1913 Words

Compare and Contrast and Two Sociological Theories This essay will compare and contrast and contrast two leading sociological theories: Marxism and Functionalism. Marxists predominantly believe that within society inequality and prejudice are rife, whereas Functionalists live under the impression that society operates in a state of social equilibrium wherein class and social status are necessities which we allow to transpire. This essay will explore the different viewpoints each theories take on subjects such as religion, community, family and education. Marxism is a conflict theory founded by German Philosopher and Sociologist Karl Marx in the 19th Century. It brings forth the idea that society is imbalanced and biased.†¦show more content†¦Both Sociological theories take very different viewpoints on most general societal subjects such as family for instance. At its most basic platform Marxists see the stereotypical nuclear family as a tool for the ruling class. Early on Marx realized the ability to pass down property through generations was a brilliantly useful mechanism for controlling wealth and capital. Marxists see the family as a potential assembly line of workers: the head of the household being the proprietor and ‘CEO’ whilst the children are being prepared to receive their inheritance and maintain their family’s wealth and capital status. Functionalists, however, take a much more harmonious approach. They believe: ‘The family performs important tasks that contribute to society’s basic needs and helps perpetuate social order.’ (Anthony Giddens 2006 - Page 238) Functionalists believe a family’s paramount purpose is to raise and support their children within society. ‘According to the American sociologist Talcott Parsons, the family’s two main functions are primary socialization and personality stabilization. Primary socialization is the process by which children lean the cultural norms of the society into which they are born. Because this happens during the early years of childhood, the family is the most important arena for the development of the human personality. Personality stabilization refers toShow MoreRelatedCompare and contrast two main sociological theories of crime and deviance.1636 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Compare and contrast the two main sociological theories of crime and deviance. Deviance and crime are wide-ranging terms used by sociologists to refer to behavior that varies, in some way, from a social norm.  Cultural Norms are societys propensity towards certain ideals; their aversion from others; and their standard, ritualistic practices. Essentially the norm is a summation of typical activities and beliefs of group of people.  This essay will evaluate the sociological theories associatedRead MoreCompare and Contrast Any Two Sociological Theories and Briefly Evaluate Them.2079 Words   |  9 PagesCompare and contrast any two sociological theories and briefly evaluate them. In the following essay I am going to compare and contrast the theories of marxism and functionalism, looking at the topics of the family and education. Functionalism has a macro-structural approach to society. It looks at society as a whole and is known as a consensus perspective i.e. everyone agrees on social norms and values and people work together to maintain society. These norms and values are learned by socialRead MoreSociological Theories And The Structural Functional Theory1356 Words   |  6 PagesSociological Theories: Compare and Contrast The Structural-Functional theory definition: Two theorist who were major contributors to the structural functional theory where Herbert Spencer and Robert Merton. Also known as functionalism, it is a framework for building theory that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and solidarity. Important concepts in the perspective of functionalism include social structure, social functions, latent functions and manifestRead MoreSdffdgdfgfdg1230 Words   |  5 Pagesassignments due, each one due by Sunday at midnight. Instructions for each assignment can be found under the corresponding week. †¢ 8 Discussion Boards-Please make sure that your primary post is at least 100 words in length and to respond to at least TWO other fellow classmates’ posts, with a response of at least 50 words in length. Please post your primary post by Wednesday and a response to your fellow classmates’ post by Friday, so as to allow for a thoughtful discussion. 2 points=Primary Post Read MoreFunctionalism and Marxism: Sociological Perspectives Essay670 Words   |  3 PagesSociological Concepts and Perspectives: Functionalism and Marxism In this essay I am going to compare and contrast Functionalism and Marxism. They are both sociological perspectives which have theories about society and the people that live within it. They attempt to explain how society influences people, and similarly how people influence society. However, the two perspectives are clearly different. Functionalism is a macro system theory which sees society as a mega structure of linked socialRead MoreThe German And The American Sociological Traditions951 Words   |  4 Pages Compare and contrast the German and the American sociological traditions’ answer to: c.) Why do people obey social norms (to the extent that they do)? During our lecture, it was stated, â€Å" The norms we develop for the sake of practice are justified only to the degree that they solve the problems we presently face.† â€Å"If that doesn’t work, we have social reconstruction to make it better.† Within the American, and German sociological traditions, how are norms developed, upon which grounds is aRead MorePsychological Perspectives On Studying Juvenile Delinquency And Disorder Behavior1642 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will compare and contrast some psychological and sociological approaches to studying juvenile delinquency and disorder behaviour. The question is what makes people behave disorderly. Youth disorderly behaviours are studied using different approaches including psychological and sociological approaches. Both psychological and sociological approaches to studying juvenile delinquency are necessary. This essay starts with outlining and defining disorderly behaviour and juvenile delinquencyRead M oreMarx, Weber, Durkheim And Durkheim883 Words   |  4 PagesThe fathers of sociology are Marx, Weber, and Durkheim and they are referred to as the sociological canon. Social order, stability, and the classification of the human society was of great impetus to the theories of the sociological canon. The purpose of this essay is to describe the classification of human society, according to Marx, Weber and Durkheim; as well as, critically compare and contrast the sociological canon’s different explanations of social order and stability. To begin , Marx classifiedRead MoreCompare the Functionalist and Marxist Perspective on Society1104 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPARE THE FUNCTIONALIST AND MARXIST PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIETY INTRODUCTION â€Å"Lotto a ticket to your dreams† Vote Lucky Five and give yourself a chance fi step up inna life†. These slogans represent the societal belief of the Jamaican people that there are means by which one individual can move from one stratum of the Jamaican society to another. In some societies ones position in society is ascribed and fixed as in many Asian societies. These systems reinforce the idea of inequality and social changeRead MoreSociological Perspectives On Life Chances Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesTask 1 This essay is based on two main sociological perspectives such as Functionalism and Marxism. It will evaluate the view that differences in the life chances between social groups which are dependent on various social factors affecting the society and individuals. Furthermore, it will compare and contrast these two sociological perspectives. Life chances can have a positive or negative effect on individual’s lifetime in terms of their education, health, employment, income and housing. They

Journal of Economics & Management Strategy - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Journal of Economics Management Strategy. Answer: Introduction The retail sector is growing rapidly in todays business world and it has become more complex with the emergence of thousands of stores, micro-suits, micro-apps and commercial networks that are covering multiple geographies(Kim, Allaway and Ellinger 2015). In order to create frequently refreshed products, the local markets have developed as a way to further accurately tailored merchandise offerings to the market demand. This report will shed light on one of the notable Australian retail company, the Myer Holdings Limited. It will focus on its external environmental factors including the political, competitive, economic and technological trends that is influencing the organization and its marketing strategies and the opportunities and threats that is there in the current market for the organization. Discussion Background of the Organization Myer is one of the famous Australian retail company that is fulfilling its consumers needs through various different retail outlets. It was founded in the year 1900 in Victoria, Australia and the founder of this company is Sidney Myer (Myer 2018). After it prospered, the second Myer store opened in the year 1908. It is serving throughout Australia since its emergence. The company is long been regarded as the largest departmental store of Australia by the store count and revenue. The main target markets of Myer are the high LSM (Living Standard Measure) groups or the high-income earners. However, the company is also planning to extend its target markets and adding to it the black middle class and the lower LSM as in the near future, they too will buy clothes and foods from the stores. It retails a large range of products, starting from mens, womens and childrens clothing; footwear; cosmetics; accessories; home wares; furniture; books; toys; travel goods; bedding; electrical and food a nd confectionaries. Theoretical Framework Marketing environment is the amalgamation of both the external and the internal forces and factors that could affect an organizations potential to establish its relationship with the customers and serve them to their best (Dawson 2014). The external environment plays a very important role in shaping up the future of an entire organization as well as that of the individual business. It comprises of the various factors that are external to the business of the organization, upon which there is a little or no control of the market. It is very essential for planning the future of the business, understanding the customers, tapping the market trends, tapping the future opportunities and understanding the competitors. A better understanding of these elements allows the marketers to develop their business to a greater extent. The relevant external environments that are to be analyzed are the micro and the macro environments. The micro environment constitutes the suppliers, market intermediari es, partners, customers, competitors, and the public (Palmer 2012). On the other hand, the macro environment constitutes the demographic, economic, physical, technological, political-legal, and the socio-cultural environment. External environmental analysis In order to analyze the external environment of the Myer, the micro environmental analysis is considered, i.e. its competitors, economic growth and stability, political trends, legal and regulatory issues, technology and the socio-cultural trends. Competitors:Competition among the companies is intense in Australia. Different firms compete for same customers with very little or no switching costs. Here, the competition is dependent on differentiation. However, the main rivalry company of Myer is the David Jones (Akbar and Ahsan 2014). Economic growth and stability:Economic factors such as high rate of unemployment and recession have a strong effect on the businesss financial performance (Fairlie 2013). The global financial crisis has also declined the condition of almost every organization. However, the Australian retail industry has maintained more stability than in other parts of the world. Political trends: The political environment of every country is related with the organizations performance and the retail companies are influenced some or the other way by the political climate. The political changes and disturbance discourages the investors and the business from entering into the market because of the risk of business failure and low rates of return. Legal and regulatory issues- Recruitment, employee management, requirements of food licensing and taxation policies are the major aspects of legal framework for the retail industry. The qualities of the food items that are available in the stores must be in accordance to the regulation of the country. In addition, opening of retail outlets must get approval from the governmental authority (Scollo, Bayly and Wakefield, 2015). Technology: The use of RFID in the company has helped it in efficient inventory management and in keeping stocks available for the customers. It has also made the use of SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) in its operations. It is seen that the consumers are not agreeable to every type of technology. Therefore, the industry needs to link its technology in accordance to the customer preference and needs. Socio-cultural trends:The consumers in modern days are increasingly wanting the retail shopping experience which includes the availability of large range of products with fair prices (Schiffman et al. 2013). There are times when the encouragements for buying the products are supplied by the family members and peer of the consumers of Myer(Christopher 2016).. In addition, the social needs are also some sense of belonging, which the consumers of Myer develop interest of buying, also, the safety need is for the reliability and the security of the customers. Summary of opportunities and threats The opportunities and threats include: Opportunities: Innovation Emerging of market and the expansion to abroad The emergence of products and services The foreign players are dominating the retail sectors. Hence, there is an opportunity for Myer to be tied up with these players. Online service Acquisitions Threats: Competition (David Jones) Economic slowdown Price war Relatively cheaper technology External changes such as taxes, politics and government Changes in consumers preferences Trouble to target every segments of the society Conclusion The above external environmental analysis of Myer has helped in identifying the major barriers in the national, economic and political sectors. The above mentioned external factors are influencing the retail market in every way and it will continue to have an impact on it in the future as well. In conclusion, it can be said that in order to maintain its current position, the company must concern its external surroundings. References: Akbar, S. and Ahsan, K., 2014. Analysis of corporate social disclosure practices of Australian retail firms.International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting,6(4), pp.375-396. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Dawson, J.A., 2014.The Marketing Environment (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 1). pp.16-18. Fairlie, R.W., 2013. Entrepreneurship, economic conditions, and the great recession.Journal of Economics Management Strategy,22(2), pp.207-231. Kim, K., Allaway, A.W. and Ellinger, A.E., 2015. Retail Assortment Size and Customer Choice Overload: The Influence of Shopping Enjoyment and Time Pressure. InMarketing Dynamism Sustainability: Things Change, Things Stay the Same(pp. 139-139). Springer, Cham. Myer. 2018. About Us. [online] Available at: https://www.myer.com.au/p/about-myer/ [Accessed 7 Jan. 2018]. Palmer, A., 2012.Introduction to marketing: theory and practice. Oxford University Press. Schiffman, L., O'Cass, A., Paladino, A. and Carlson, J., 2013.Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Scollo, M., Bayly, M. and Wakefield, M., 2015. Availability of illicit tobacco in small retail outlets before and after the implementation of Australian plain packaging legislation.Tobacco control,24(e1), pp.e45-e51.

StopBullying.gov Agency Essay Example

StopBullying.gov Agency Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on StopBullying.gov Agency specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on StopBullying.gov Agency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on StopBullying.gov Agency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer StopBullying.gov Agency StopBullying.gov is an organization, which was founded with an aim of reducing and preventing incidences of bullying within the social settings such as schools and neighborhoods especially among children. The organization is founded and managed by the United States Department of Health and Human Services whose main offices are located on 200 Independence Avenue South Washington (S.W.), Suite 336-E, Washington D.C. 20201. The organization also provides people with a toll free number for reporting cases of bullying and seeking help. The number is Toll Free: 1-877-696-6775. The organization aims at reducing and preventing incidences of bullying within the society. The organization aims at reducing bullying from the main fronts of this social vice. The fronts include, cyber bullying, bullying against (LGBT) lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender youth and bullying against youth with special needs. The agency urges people within the various social settings to stand up against the vice an d not act as bystanders when such actions are taking place. The organization also provides people in need of help with cases of bullying with an avenue to have their issues addressed Bullying is common within schools and neighborhoods. This vice has an ability of affecting people in various ways such as loss of self-esteem, loss of sleep and suicidal tendencies. Such effects can be detrimental to the individual’s life, those in relationships with the individual, family, friends and the society, which loses individuals with various abilities that could be used to transform the society for the better. Cyber bullying is a common aspect of bullying with the increase of social media platforms and the digitization of communication and entertainment. Cyber bullying can be discouraged by urging the owners of social bullying to report and prohibit the vice within their social networks. Users should also be urged to report incidences of cyber bullying to ensure those who are engaged in such vices are prosecuted and reprimanded for their acts. Bullying within schools and neighborhoods against youth who are considered as special because of their perceived disabilities has taken a new direction with increased bullying against youth and children with special needs. This vice towards children with disabilities is distasteful and should be reprimanded, and action taken against those who propagate the vice without any bias whatsoever. The incorporation of children within school settings as part of means to integrate individuals with disabilities is a means of encouraging acceptance of people within the school and more so the society. However, the road to total acceptance is marred by bullying. Social education could be cultivated, within schools and neighborhoods, to inform people of the spread, how the vices can be tackled within the neighborhood and within schools. Bullying makes people withdraw from the society, friends, and family and within classrooms. The bullied individuals exhibit indications of depression and stress because of their constant encounters with the bullies. In addition, the individuals tend to get into fights due to the natural need to protect oneself from humiliation and attacks from the bullies. Furthermore, if such incidences are not intervened and handled professionally, they could result into devastating cases such as injury, suicide or death of those involved in the bullying tussles. A relevant approach towards prevention and halting bullying with specific reference t schools can be using counter measures such as strict enforcement of anti-bullying rules and regulations within schools. In addition, anti-bullying campaigns should be constant especially in the neighborhoods where there is no adherence to rules and regulations but only via laws. Bullying is major vice destroying numerous lives of children and youth in society as they are affected both physically and mentally by the acts of bullying.

Improvement needed for my community Essay Example

Improvement needed for my community Essay Every another society is made up of great communities. The welfare of these communities is what contributes to a well-performing society in general. Therefore, it is very critical to consider the developments of these communities. In this case, a study is done to establish the factors that improve the welfare of a society that we live. Especially in a community, there should be the improvement in the healthcare of the community Pigg, Kenneth (2013). In a city, the government should set up high-quality health care centers equipped with all necessary tools that will ensure that the local people can access quality health care to sustain and improve the health standards in the community. The government should work tirelessly to bring in qualified doctors from the community to create employment opportunities to the locals, which will improve the per capita income of the locals in the community. With these healthcare facilities around the issue of early childhood, mortality as well as over all mortality in the population will be reduced significantly. Additionally, the government should set up education centers in the community. Education is known to be the key to success in many fields. Educating the local folks, the city will have invested in the future of the current generation because with education the locals can now fit in the competitive world and challenge for the top positions. As a result, the community will have an increased rate of employment, which increases the wealth of the community. In setting up learning institutions in the community, the young generation will be effectively involved in learning hence, reducing the chances of the young generation getting lost in the vices of prostitution, crime and even more so drug abuse, which is known to maim the development of people in a community. We will write a custom essay sample on Improvement needed for my community specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Improvement needed for my community specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Improvement needed for my community specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Every city requires high-security measures to protect the locals from exploitation from themselves and even intruders who would want to take advantage of an insecure community and loot their property. As a result, the government should set up police stations across the community to make it easier for the locals to access help whenever they require assistance Pigg, Kenneth (2013). The police stations should be well equipped to tackle all kind of complaints is it fire, robbery or any other type difficulty. The police stations should also have hotlines that the locals can call and get instant help at any time of the day and night. The security should be organized in a manner that it involves the locals in their operations because it is the locals who are more conversant with the problems facing the community. Involving the locals also increases efficiency in operations since the people will be more participative in the initiative hence reducing the chances of crime in the community. For the community to be successful, it needs to exploit all the available resources to their advantage. Mostly, the city might lack the capabilities of fully use the resources, and therefore the community should welcome foreign investors to come and invest Pigg, Kenneth (2013). By investing here, the community will be the first beneficiaries of the investments because they will be availed a wide range of products to choose from which increases the quality of life in the community. The foreign investors will lay the infrastructure for more business, which will benefit the locals for they will now have an easier channel to get their products to the market. If the community improves these sectors, then it will grow extra dimensions in their economic income as a whole. Bibliography Pigg, Kenneth. Community Leadership Development: The Effects on Community Development. Community Development 44.4 (2013): 408-10. Web.

Daddy, Vampires, Black Hearts Essays - Daddy, Sylvia Plath, Plath

Daddy, Vampires, Black Hearts Essays - Daddy, Sylvia Plath, Plath Daddy, Vampires, Black Hearts In the poem Daddy, Sylvia Plath says that there are women who, due to early conditioning, find themselves without the tools to deal with oppressive and controlling men. They are left feeling helpless and hopeless. For some women, the struggle is never resolved, others take most of a lifetime. For a lucky few, they are granted a reprieve. The speaker in this poem is Sylvia Plath. The poem describes her feelings of oppression and her battle to come to grips with the issues of this power imbalance. The poem also conjures the struggle many women face in a male dominated society. The conflict of this poem is male authority and control versus the right of a female to be herself, to make choices, and be free of male domination. Plaths conflicts begin in her relationship with her father and continues with her husband. The intensity of this conflict is extremely apparent as she uses examples that cannot be ignored. The atrocities of NAZI Germany are used as symbols of the horror of male domination. The constant and crippling manipulation of the male, as he introduces oppression and hopelessness into the lives of his women, is equated with the twentieth centurys worst period. Words such as Luftwaffe, panzerman, and Meinkampf look are used to descibe her father and husband as well as all male domination. The frequent use of the word black throughout the poem conveys a feeling of gloom and suffocation. Like many women in society, we know that Plath felt oppressed and stifled throughout her life by her use of the simile I have lived like a shoe for thirty years poor and white, barely able to breath or Achoo. The use of similes and metaphors such as Chuffing me off like a Jew. A Jew to Dachau, Auschwitz, Belson. and I think I may well be a Jew clearly shows the feelings of anguished hopelessness and the ripping agony she must have felt. The agelessness of this poem is guaranteed as there will always be women who feel the same torture that is described. . Strong images are conveyed throughout the poem. The words marble- heavy, a.bag full of God conveys the omniscience of her fathers authority and the heaviness it weighed on her throughout her life. The vampire who said he was you, and drank my blood for a year, seven years if you want to know describe her husband and the ability of male power to strip a person of their own sense of themselves. The poem is written in stanzas of five short lines. These lines remind me of a Mike Tyson jab, short but extremely powerful. An example of this If Ive killed one man Ive killed two The vampire who said he was you. The powerful imagery of these lines overpowers any of the rhyme scheme. The tone of this poem is an adult engulfed in outrage. This outrage,at times, slips into the sobs of a child. This is evident by Plaths continued use of the word daddy and the childlike repitition You do not do, you do not do and Daddy, daddy, you bastard. Fear from her childhood moves her in directions that will take her far from herself. In one line in the poem she brings us starkly into the world of a childs fear. She uses words that sound like the words of a child staring out at us from behind a bardwire snare I have always been scared of you. This poem portrays a bleak picture of life for some women. However, we know that Plath was able to resolve her conflicts. She states Daddy Ive had to kill you and Daddy, you can lie back now. Theres a stake in your big fat black heart Athough it appears that Plath has reached resolution this is not the case for many women who find themselves under the thumb of a male. These women should look to this poem for help. It is a beautiful argument that clearly shows that she climbed from total domination by a male to freedom

Recycling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recycling - Essay Example From this study it is clear that recycling will help us to reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials. For example, plastic materials are major villains in destroying our universe. The increased use of plastic materials in our daily life resulted in plastic wastes accumulating in large quantities everywhere. One of the peculiar properties of plastic materials is the fact that these materials will never undergo biodegradation. If we are able recycle plastic materials properly, it is possible for us to use the finished plastic products again and again and thereby we can reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials. In short, recycling help us to ensure the supply of the same material again and again.This paper highlights that in the waste management systems, recycling comes as the third R out of the three R’s; Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Wastes are accumulating from all corners. Waste accumulation is going to be the most serious problem; we are going to face in future. Waste management is taken as a serious topic by the modern organizations because of the above awareness. Recycling has an important role to play in the waste management process. Global warming and climate changes are some of the major problems which are haunting the human kind at present. Many people are of the view that these problems were the creations of human itself. We exploited the natural resources injudiciously in the past and never thought that we are creating problems for us in future.  

Strategic management of small firms Research Proposal

Strategic management of small firms - Research Proposal Example Such firms include entrepreneurial ventures and also business trading entities. The paper is an exploratory study and draws upon existing literature and case studies of small firms to develop the proposed model. Future research scope and applicability has also been discussed. Small firms have been long neglected over the strategic management roles and issues. The problems of identification of factors that influence small firms’ strategic decisions have been restricted to leadership roles and planning techniques. The paper is aimed at resolving this very issue by identification of a framework for strategic management within small firms. Small scale industries have been the key to economic development for most of the countries during their development stage. Studies prove that they contribute towards a major portion of a country’s GDP and growth. This has also led to a huge rise in research in the economic activity of small scale enterprises. However, most research in the field did not prove to be quite resourceful, primarily, owing to the failure of identification of problems associated with the study of small scale companies. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate and develop a framework of strategic management within small enterprises by evaluation of strategies adopted by small companies. The research shall also seek answers to the source of competitive advantage of small enterprises that emerge as successful businesses and thereby analyse the strategic management factors that influence success in small firms. The research rationale in the context of this study is whether there exists any significant difference between the strategic management employed within small firms and that within large firms. If this holds true then, the research seeks to explore the factors that are responsible for strategic management within small firms. The research

Wengart Aircraft Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wengart Aircraft - Coursework Example Need to implement TQM to comply with Presidential Executive Order (PEO) 12552: Not only does profitability demand better quality one of its major customers is demanding it and doing so with the authority of a PEO. Quickly and effectively Wengart must implement TQM in a verifiable manner and with a significant impact on production quality Education and Training Deficiencies: The case only refers to these tangentially. However, implementing a new system such as TQM will require education and training of employees in this new system. According to the case the company is failing miserably at this already. Poor communication: Managers and line supervisors left a meeting on TQM â€Å"with various interpretations of TQM† and line workers had even more interpretations of its meaning. Mary Romero, a supervisor studying TQM â€Å"is confused at the brevity of TQM information she and other supervisors got...† The company is not adequately communicating the definition, process or importance of TQM. Confused responsibilities: The President, Ralph Larsen, does not want to be directly involved in TQM so he can focus on profits: TQM is the key to increased profitability. The Human Resources department is not involved in leadership in the program despite the fact that it will require redefinition of jobs and responsibilities, and may result in lay-offs. Alternative #3 is recommended. Implementation of TQM is the most important challenge facing he company. Without it it may loss its DoD contracts. Also, TQM is key for improving the companys profit profile. Therefore, the company needs to create a TQM department, headed up by a V-P TQM who is an experienced expert in the field. Working with the VP Production and VP HR to develop a comprehensive implementation program, an effective communications strategy, and metrics to measure the success of the

Functions of Management | Reflective Essay

Functions of Management | Reflective Essay About Management Processes From the Business Strategy Game, I learned that first important process for a company to determine its future business path was to set a strategic and realistic planning about what is the company goal, how long the goal will be achieved and how to achieve the goal among the competition. In setting the plan, company should define first what is their mission statement or strategic vision. This mission statement is a statement which indicates the purposes and activities of the companys business/goals in brief, clear and focus words. Along with mission statement, company must clearly define its objectives quantitatively within certain period. From these quantitative objectives, company could set a realistic and attainable long term strategic planning to allocate budget and resources in the company. In strategic planning, company should define clearly its target market, financial objective and competitive position among the industry. This strategic planning will be the direction of the co mpany in running its business. After setting the strategic planning, company should design an organization structure to manage the company effectively, by designating persons who will in charge in each roles and held responsibility in each area of the business in the company (marketing, finance, operation, sales and so on), especially the person who will be responsible as the leader of the company (as CEO). The role of CEO is very essential because he/she must lead company to the right direction in implementing company strategy to achieve companys objectives. From the clear and effective organization structure, CEO and management will have clear legitimation and authority in directing all resources in the company to implement the companys strategy. Finally, the company should closely and intensively controlling and monitoring the performance of the strategy during implementation to assess its progress against the pre-defined targets and ensure that all the company elements were doing their parts and responsibility in the right track. About Management Functions In a company, management should establish the right and important functions which will run the company operational activities, define what are the responsibilities of each functions and ensure that each functions performed in accordance with the company objectives. In order to give more value to the company in terms of profitability, management should work together to set a strategy in making companys output (product or services) more competitive in the market by considering all aspects involved. As an example, to gain more profitability company could set pricing strategy to be higher or lower compare to market but before decided the price, company should consider other aspects such as costs, quality and resources needed in creation of the product or services. About Working in Teams In working as a team member in the company, it is very important to determine a clear designation about who will act as the leader and the follower. Because if theres no clear designation, potentially will cause the resources in the company to move to the wrong direction and this will destruct company effort in achieving its objectives. As a leader, a person should show the ability to manage and to coach the entire team member to do their tasks properly, and he/she should has willingness to listen and appreciation to his/her followers insights at the same time. And as a follower, one should give respect to the leader and obey the leader decisions. But it is important too for the company to define what is the follower assignment and designation, because if it is not clearly defined, the follower couldnt perform nor contributed optimally in attaining companys objective process. What I plan to do in my work place from the experience and lessons I took from the BSG are : As the leader of my unit I will put more effort to be an effective and efficient leader of my unit and will put more awareness to all my team member that our jobs especially in designing the most efficient operational work flow in my company has essential impact in saving the company budget and optimizing company resources which will contributed in achieving the companys objective especially in financial aspect and giving more value to the customer and shareholder. And furthermore I will spend more time and effort to evaluate designation and job description for each member of my team, to put the right person to the right job and responsibility. If the designation and job description were not fit or not clear to the team member, it will impact to the performance of the working unit itself because each team member do not know exactly what is their role in their working unit. As a member of my management team I will put more consideration and attention about financial impact of any decision that my management made. From the BSG, I see that all activities in each working unit must be contributed and affected to the company strategic planning especially in achieving financial goals. And I will put more respect to any member and any decision of my management team made, even though sometimes the decision seems to be hard to be implement, I will try to see it from wider perspective that the decision must be made deliberately and considered many important aspects which ending is to give more value for the company.

Healthcare Finance Essay

Like with any household, businesses have some expenses that are the same each month, and others that fluctuate based on utilization. The mortgage, car note, and insurance premiums for the most part are the same throughout the year, but the utility bills, credit card bills, and cell phone bills may increase or decrease monthly based on usage. In health care organizations, several types of cost can be classified according to the amount of services provided. This can be referred to as activity, utilization, or volume (Gapenski, 2012). Reference for Business (2012) says, â€Å"Fixed and variable expenses are the two main components of a company’s total overhead expense† (p.1). This paper will address how costs in healthcare organizations are classified according to their volume, and the importance of cost allocation. â€Å"†¦for healthcare providers, a cost involves a resource use associated with providing or supporting a specific service† (Gapenski, 2012, p. 14 8). With fixed and variable cost classification the range of volume should be specified (Gapenski, 2012). In health care organizations, the actual future volume is uncertain for the number of patient days, number of visits, number of enrollees, or the number of diagnostic tests (Gapenski, 2012). However, a general idea of the volume range over a particular period of time is usually known (Gapenski, 2012). Fixed costs are known and are not related to volume within a relevant range (Gapenski, 2012). Unless the volume deviates excessively in a positive or negative direction, fixed cost is not affected. Basu (2012) says, â€Å"Fixed costs remain constant within a specific range of activity. However, if volume increase or decrease past certain levels, fixed cost may change† (p.1). For example, if a physician’s office staff can handle up to 10,000 patient visits, as long volume stays within the relevant  range of 8,000 to 10,000 defined by the office, the fixed costs remains un changed (Gapenski, 2012). Although most fixed costs such as equipment, weekly payroll, and rent are fixed for a period of time, an increase or decrease in volume in the future could mandate changes/adjustments to the fixed costs (Gapenski, 2012). Fixed costs dose not fluctuate with volume changes within a relevant range, but variable costs does. â€Å"Costs that are directly related to volume are called variable costs† (Gapenski, 2012, p. 150). Reference For Business (20120 says, â€Å"Variable costs are those that respond directly and proportionately to changes in activity level or volume†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 1). Using the physician’s office above as an example, some of their variable cost could be gloves, tongue depressors, disposable exam gowns, and needles. As patient volume fluctuates, the cost associated with these supplies will also fluctuate in relation to the volume changes. Because some costs are organizational and some are specific to a subunit, it is necessary to create a system that a llocates costs (Gapenski, 2012). â€Å"A critical part of cost management at the subunit level is the assignment, or allocation, of direct costs. Costs allocation is essentially a pricing process within the organization whereby managers allocate the costs of one department to other departments† (Gapenski, 2012, p. 188). Overhead cost such as, facilities management personnel, financial staffs, and housekeeping and maintenance personnel, must be allocated to the money generating departments of an organization (Gapenski, 2012). Cost allocation assigns the costs of an organization to the entities that incurred the costs. Cost allocation data allows the organization to make better decisions in, tracking, assigning, and controlling costs, as well as the offering and pricing of services. (Gapenski, 2012). Cost allocations can also assist with reducing cost, because departments are held accountable for the full cost associated with running their department. As a result, mangers will use costs saving methods to keep c osts down, since evaluations, compensation, and promotions are sometimes dependent on economic results (Gapenski, 2012). Costs can be fixed or it can be variable. â€Å"Peavler (2012) say, â€Å"Fixed costs are the costs associated with the product that have to be paid, regardless of the volume of the product you sell. Variable costs are directly related to sales† (p.1.). â€Å"†¦some cost are more or less predictable because they are independent of volume, while other costs are much less  predictable because they are related to volume† (Gapenski, 2012, p. 150). Whether fixed or variable, costs are usually allocated within an organization. Averkamp (2012) says, â€Å"The goal is to assign the costs based on the root cause of the common cost instead of merely spreading the costs† (p. 1). Knowledge and utilization of these concepts, helps with current and future planning for an organizations financial success. References Averkamp, H. (2012). What is cost allocation?. P. 1. Retrieved from http://blog.accountingcoach.com/what-is-cost-allocation/ Basu, C. (2012). Effects a Sales Volume Increase or Decrease Will Have on Unit Fixed Cost. P. 1. Retrieved form http://smallbusiness.chron.com/effects-sales-volume-increase-decrease-uni†¦ Gapenski, L. C. (2012). Healthcare Finance: An Introduction to Accounting and Financial Management (5th ed.). Chicago, Illinois : AUPHA Press / Health Administration Press. Peavler, R. (2012). Fixed and Variable Cost. P. 1. Retrieved from http://bizfinance.about.com/od/pricingyour product/qt/Fixed_Variable_Cost†¦Ã‚ ­ Reference for Business. (2012). Fixed and Variable Expenses. P. 1-4. Retrieved from http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/Eq-Inc/Fixed-and-Variable-Ex†¦

The Right Fabric Sourcing Practice for Apparel Manufacturing By: Arun Chattopadhyay

(Views expressed in this article are the personal opinion of the author) Purchasing the right fabric can be sometimes a tough challenge faced by apparel manufacturers. Out of the total cost of manufacturing a garment piece, the cost of fabric can contribute between 50 and 65 per cent. Furthermore, even a minor oversight in selecting the right fabric and right manufacturer may spoil the entire apparel programme. Interestingly, though the fabric constitutes the main part of a garment, many of the apparel merchandisers have a very limited knowledge about fabric. They consider fabric as another component of raw material like buttons, care labels, and hang tags or packing materials. Unfortunately, describing a fabric in terms of specification to fulfill its end use is much more complicated than communicating the requirement of any other component of a garment and many apparel merchandisers do not have the necessary knowledge or training to order the right fabric from the right manufacturer at the right price. To be on the safer side, they simply ask various suppliers to bid for their lowest price and finally select the one who offers the lowest price or the most favourable term. Consequently we often see the adverse effects of poor fabric sourcing strategy every day in the apparel industry. Garment air shipment cost is prohibitive and applied as penalty only when the apparel manufacturer fails to deliver the consignments beyond acceptable delays. The cost of air-freight is so high that air shipment of a single consignment of garments may wipe off the profit of a few months for the garment manufacturer. A study revealed that more than 80% of all garment air shipment is caused due to poor fabric sourcing management. Fortunately, such critical errors can be avoided when sourcing woven fabric for manufacturing garments and the procedure is easier than we think about it. When discussing with the garment buyer, do not just talk about the target price he or she is giving you. Ask about the fabric in more detail. This is not only about the counts, construction and weight of the fabric but about some important and critical points. Here are certain things to keep in mind to ensure a trouble free fabric sourcing. Know the end use – that clarifies the required quality standards like colour fastness, pilling / abrasion resistance, tear and tensile strength, stability towards special types of www. fibre2fashion. com garment wash if any etc. Do not feel hesitant to ask those questions because at the end of the day if something does not match the buyer’s requirement, everyone will suffer losses. Special requirements like shade / strike off approval conditions, finishing standard, feel of the fabric, etc. , to be discussed, noted and shared with the buyer and the fabric manufacturer. The garment delivery lead time should be calculated after taking the fabric delivery lead time into consideration. Many garment buyers demand very short, sometimes unrealistic delivery lead time. You should consider the lead time required for each necessary activities like LC opening, sample approval, lab dip approval, one or two re-submits that may be required, inspection and shipment time for the fabric, clearance and transportation to the warehouse and all related activities. Inspection of the fabric and grouping those according to shades are to be done with extra care. For example, if one particular colour is having a large quantity, it is natural to have 2-3 batch wise variation. Mixing shade batches on the cutting table can result in disaster. To make the process easier, the fabric supplier should be instructed to supply the shade grouping charts with roll number mentioned against each shade swatch. The garment buyers also should be informed clearly that for large volume orders that require fabric processing in more than one batch, there would be small batch to batch variation in properties. Fabric with special surface finish like peach finish, microsanding, etc. needs special care. Firstly, the supplier must be instructed to roll such fabric with face inside and put arrow marks on each piece showing the direction of such finish with clear arrow marks at both ends. This is to avoid massive shade variation due to stitching pieces finished in different directions, together. Transportation and storage – Avoid buying fabric that may change properties during the reasonable time required for transportation storage. For example, do not buy a postcure resin finished fabric from a faraway place because during transport and storage, the www. fibre2fashion. com resin may start cross-linking in the fabric, thus spoiling the required DP rating after garment finishing process. Last but not the least; orders should be placed with fabric manufacturers of reputation. Giving 10 cents more to a responsible and reputed manufacturer may prove to save lot of costs and penalties going forward. Failing to supply garments on time also badly affects the reputation which is priceless. The products of reputed companies also give better realization, lesser wastage and higher efficiency at garment making process. At the end of the day, we should keep in mind that real prosperity does not mean only buying cheap and selling high to earn short term profit. The apparel manufacturing company that focuses on delivering quality, punctuality, communication and value to each customer will never have any shortage of business and riches in the long run. About the Author: The Author is specialized in management of Apparel Fabric business. During his more than 30 years of managerial experience of working with a number of Indian textile fabric and apparel manufacturing companies, he has observed that more than 80% problems in the Indian Textile and apparel Industry is related to managing people and lack of adequate HR Development initiatives. Besides having his consulting profession in textile fabric marketing, he also offers Executive Coaching and Consulting in the textile and apparel industries.

buy custom Visual Resume Technical Report Example

buy custom Visual Resume Technical Report Example Visual Resume in the Today’s Fast-Passing Digital World Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of visual resume in todays digital world, as many companies prefer recruiting employees through the visual resume. Sampling technique was used in conducting the study where a sample of 100 individuals from the recruitment department from different companies was chosen and used in collecting data. The results revealed that currently, many companies use visual resumes in recruiting new employees. The study findings also indicate that companies recruit new employees after every short period of time mostly less than a year, which is a challenge to many companies, especially those using visual resumes. It is then concluded that visual resume has both advantages and disadvantages. Since many job recruiters like using it despite the many challenges, this reveals that visual resume is beneficial to them. A strategy of combining both visual resume and traditional resume is therefore recommended to be the best way in trying to eliminate the challenges that are met.

The Osprey

The Osprey Most of you know that I live on the banks of a huge lake. With about four hundred feet of frontage on a cove, I am lucky to experience all sorts of wildlife. In the morning, birds sing, dance, dip and dive, happy at being awake. Ducks, coots, and geese paddle in the water then wander up to my bird feeder, scavenging for kicked-out seed. In the evening, deer peer out of the woods, nibbling corn my husband tosses out. He laughs about putting their carcasses in our freezer for dinner, but I know he enjoys watching them come and go, feeling safe. Today, however, I watched an osprey land on a branch thirty feet off the ground, right outside my study window. Ospreys love Lake Murray for its ample bass population,and the residents love watching these gorgeous birds of prey fly, dive and strategically snare a fish from the water. This one sat for a long time, allowing me to pull out my binoculars. White head and chest. Yellow eyes, curved beak, he watched the water like the hawk he was. The breeze ruffled across his back and rear feathers, and he adjusted his balance a couple of times. But he never took his eye off the water. Ducks swam off to the side. Turtles plopped off logs off to the side as if understanding this bird meant business. Finally he dove, smacking the water with talons, then flew away, his dinner unable to even flop it was so evenly gripped. Ive seen these birds come up empty. Ive seen them attempt three and four times before successfully snaring their food. They never get frustrated. They dont let other animals bother them. The wind can blow one way then another. Regardless, they focus on their mission, and dont leave until theyve won. Osprey are beautiful creatures, living life their way. They dont care who sees them miss. They dont stop until they succeed. And in between their fishing duties, they soar, watching, learning, and enjoying the journey. Try being an osprey.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Economics - Essay Example In micro-economic theory, the supply and demand model attempts to describe, explain and predict the price and quantity of goods sold in competitive markets. This model assumes that markets are perfectly competitive i.e. there are many buyers or sellers, none of whom have the capacity to influence the price of goods or services on offer. A simple supply and demand model is as shown below. The slope of the demand curve indicates that a greater quantity will be demanded when the price is lower. Similarly, the supply curve shows that as prices rise, firms will produce more goods or offer more or better services. The point where these curves meet is the equilibrium point. A market is said to be in perfect competition when no producer or consumer has the market power to influence prices. In such a market, prices of goods would instantly shift to the point of equilibrium as illustrated in the supply and demand graph. In competitive market economies, actual prices tend to the equilibrium prices at which demand equals supply. At the point of equilibrium there is no incentive to change either the price or the quantity. (Stiplitz J & Drifill J, 1993, p 73). Since the price is fixed as the result of interaction of supply and demand, nothing producers can do will aff... that there is no product differentiation. Perfect and Complete Information - all firms and consumers know the prices set by all others. Equal Access - all firms have access to production technologies, and resources are perfectly mobile. Free Entry - any firm may enter or exit the market as it wishes. Since the price is fixed as the result of interaction of supply and demand, nothing producers can do will affect the price and for every unit that sells results in a marginal revenue. They are in a perfect competition, price = marginal revenue = average returns (Whitehead, p 105). Demand has a very direct and immediate effect of prices since the supply factor will always have some lead time, i.e. till adequate stocks are built up or surplus stocks disposed off. This temporary shortage or excess has a bearing on prices. A temporary shortage has the effect of boosting prices, and under the influence of these profits there is an increase in production until supplies one again catch up with demand and until a new equilibrium point is reached, as shown in the figure below. Conversely a drop in demand lowers prices and eventually leads to decreased supply. Thus competition results in a higher output at a lower rice. Monopoly A monopoly is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one producer of a particular product or service. They are characterized by a lack of economic competition for the goods or services provided including the lack of viable substitutes. As per the Wikipedia Encyclopedia, the primary characteristics of a monopoly are as follows: Single seller - single firm is the sole producer of a product or service. No close substitutes - the product or service is unique. Price maker - a single firm

The Role of the Financial manager SLP Assignment

The Role of the Financial manager SLP - Assignment Example Coupled with the recent developments in the financial performance successes, Apple Inc.’s status as a towering figure among publicly traded companies continues to cement its business. Based on the strong brand presence and financial successes reported continuously at the company, success projections in the near future appear promising due to the sustainability of its business model. The utilization of high-end technologies at Apple Inc. continues to provide a promising future for the company’s growing market. The size of Apple Inc. in the American and global smart technologies segment correspond with the recorded revenue growth hitting $42.1 in the fourth quarter of the just ended trading period (Apple Inc., 2014). Further projections on the company’s future relate to the company’s ratings on management effectiveness standing at 14.96 per cent and 33.61 per cent for return on assets and equity respectively. The sustainability of the software and hardware model at Apple’s products portfolio enables the company to challenge for top honors in the technology market. Apple Inc.’s towering financial power elevates it to the top of the list of American multinationals supporting tens of billions of dollars as stable investment value. Recent income figures in excess of $325 billion supported by quarterly gross margin growth of 38 per cent give an indication of the size of the company (Apple Inc., 2014). In these financial figures, $70.54 billion of gross profit implies that the company posted positive operations in the market that it continues to dominate. According to Yahoo Finance (2014), Apple Inc. trades as AAPL at Nasdaq stock market, with the recent stock market performance standing at a stable price of $109.70 (week opening Nov 10). The price of Apple Inc.’s share a year ago stood at $74.28, which gives an indication of growth by a growth of

Roe v. Wade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Roe v. Wade - Essay Example Justice Blackmun, writing for the majority, acknowledged that the state had an interest in regulating abortion as a way to reduce medical risk for women and to protect the lives of unborn children but argued that a woman’s right to terminate her pregnancy must be weighed against the rights of the state. As long as the fetus is not viable — the Court used an established definition of viability, which considered a fetus viable at the point it is able to live outside its mother, even if some artificial assistance is needed for it to do so — the state can only regulate abortions in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. For abortions prior to the end of the first trimester, the Court held that the state should not interfere and should leave the decision-making to a pregnant woman and her doctor. Only for abortions during the third trimester of pregnancy, when the fetus is viable according to the Court’s definition, could the state prohibit aborti on and only then if doing so did not significantly threaten the health of the pregnant woman. Blackmun went on to state that in questions of abortion, there is no consideration of a fetus’s right to life under the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment because the Fourteenth Amendment protects only Americans who have been born. There is no Fourteenth Amendment protection for the unborn. Blackmon adds, in note perhaps to the spirit of the times, that the Court’s ruling is not intended to serve as an answer to the question of when life begins but only as a statement of the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment. Roe v. Wade remains a milestone case, setting the stage for countless arguments between those who support abortion and those who would do away with it. Though I agree with the gist of the Court’s decision — that a woman should be able to obtain a legal abortion, especially early in pregnancy — I find the legal basis for the Roe v. Wade decision a little shaky. Protecting the right to

Chicano Art Essay Example for Free

Chicano Art Essay Chicano art started in Mexican American communities within sustain of the civil rights society, suitable a national art progress with global span which includes CARA exhibition, Los fours and the other exhibitions. The appearance, institutional carry out the ritual though innovation, mythic construct; political and civilizing engagement. During the 1960’s there was a lot going on the world, not only did Chicano had to stand up for them. They wanted to find ways to express Chicanos, in searching of ways one popular movement came which is the art. First of all, phantom sighting after the Chicano movement was developed in the early 2000’s this exhibit wanted to still reveal about the Chicano society. The meaning of their exhibit was broken down into three reasons. According to the book, number one- Chicano art produces to be seen, does not exist in the art world. Number two- self identified Chicanos who refuse the category. Number three- homonym’s for sighting sitting, citing â€Å"actions that turn the apparitional into something real†. I agree with those terms, however this exhibit was made and feels modernize. In which the book, states that it is a visual of everyday life; therefore we have to understand that each of the artists will view the world differently. Further than a century of discrimination adjacent to one of the biggest alternative residing in the United States with the purpose of continues now. Hispanics are targets of unfairness and are not proffer equivalent opportunities in jobs and learning. The prejudice dates back toward the finish of the Mexican War while thousands of Mexicans became American citizens overnight. .according to history, this happened, because of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. That helped them to settle in America. Unfortunately they had a rough time in America, and later than in the three generation of individual born in America Chicanos resolute to uprising. Secondly, another exhibition called Chicano vision American painter on verge, this exhibit consist majority of paintings. â€Å"They were Chicano looked and at the world though Chicano eyes† , during a reading came across this appealing quote. Hence it correlates with the book of this title. The book has come up with so many flaws and positive aspects. One issue was struggled to gain acceptance in the gallery world, as stated in the book. Rather than waiting around, the artists would go and display their works anywhere that has people, example the book said â€Å"in public places wall† this has grab viewers attention because most people think of tagging or graffiti. However that is not the reason, artists have reason to put such a mural or scene on the wall. They wanted to tell a story, and expressing how they felt. Wondering what types of influences did artists have? Music, expressionism, impressionism, and photorealism were the reasons as mentioned in the book. Glugio†Gronk†Nicandro one influence was listening to the Beatles; Carlos Almarez has painting style similarity as an expressionism. John Valdez has an excellent photorealism painting, called Car show; that painting could easily be mistaken as a photo, if the artist did not explain what medium was used. In the late 1960’s and 1970’s formed social and political literacy, according to the book; therefore 1965 there was a popluar civil right activist, Cesar E Chavez. Who is known to fight with the famers to gain respect and equality; the iconographic figure is sun mad by Ester Hernandez. One great example is frank Romero, who creates the death of Ruben Salazar the painting is remembering on Ruben Salazar’s death, because he was known as a writer and activist during the 1960’s involve with the Chicano movement. In addition, the Chicano Movement not just do the unruly early life of the 20th century form a strong alteration here the connotations linked with Mexican-Americans nevertheless they as well did sculpture, paintings, perform to outward appearance a cultural personality exceptional and definitely their hold. For the most part viewing on Southern California during the 1940’s to the current, Chicano Art looked into older ancestry from Mexican painters like Rivera, Siqueiros, and Kahlo, and they follow certain styles and images. Third exhibition, â€Å"Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation, 1965-1985toured major museums around the United States† as the author states, and known too CARA. This is an intriguing response from New York Times. â€Å"But where the Whitney show remains largely an attempt by art-world insiders to simulate an outsider art, Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation is the real thing, coming straight from the heart and mind of an entire culture, and having both the vitality and the limitations that such breadth of intention and intensity of feeling bring. † Agreement within the statement is highly recommended, those artists have work hard and fought for their place to put an art show; and illustrate to the world who are the Chicanos and what is going on in life. Overall all three exhibitions are admirable, but they each have similarities and differences. The exhibits discusses about these topics; people, culture, history and political aspects. Phantom sighting is view- conceptual over representative; that was stated in a lecture in class. Chicano Visions was look as creating an identity according to the book. CARA points of reasoning, is taken though all different ways such as â€Å"cultural studies, feminist theory, anthropology and semiotics† in which the author states.

The Importance of Setting in The Awakening Essay -- Chopin Awakening

The Importance of Setting in The Awakening  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Setting is a key element in Chopin's novel, The Awakening  Ã‚   To the novel's main character, Edna Pontellier, house is not home. Edna was not herself when enclosed behind the walls of the Pontellier mansion. Instead, she was another person entirely-- someone she would like to forget. Similarly, Edna takes on a different identity in her vacation setting in Grand Isle, in her independent home in New Orleans, and in just about every other environment that she inhabits. In fact, Edna seems to drift from setting to setting in the novel, never really finding her true self - until the end of the novel.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chopin seems highly concerned with this question throughout her narrative. On a larger scale, the author seems to be probing even more deeply into the essence of the female experience: Do women in general have a place in the world, and is the life of a woman the cumbersome pursuit to find that very place? The Awakening struggles with this question, raising it to multiple levels of complexity. Edna finds liberation and happiness in various places throughout the novel, yet this is almost immediately countered by unhappiness and misery. Even at the end, the reader is still left with the question of whether Edna has truly found a setting in which she can finally be herself.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many readers would argue that Edna finds this niche in her seaside vacation home on Grand Isle. To Edna, the sea is a wide expanse of opportunity and liberation from the constricting socialite world of French Quarter New Orleans. Chopin's lavish descriptions of the sea give us an insight into its powerful effect on Edna:    The voice of the sea is seductive; never ceasing, whis... ...e Awakening." 1899. The Complete Works of Kate Chopin. Ed. Per Seyersted. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1969. 881-1000. Delbanco, Andrew. "The Half-Life of Edna Pontellier." New Essays on The Awakening. Ed. Wendy Martin. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1988. 89-106. Gilmore, Michael T. "Revolt Against Nature: The Problematic Modernism of The Awakening." Martin 59-84. Giorcelli, Cristina. "Edna's Wisdom: A Transitional and Numinous Merging." Martin 109-39. Martin, Wendy, ed. New Essays on the Awakening. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1988. Papke, Mary E. Verging on the Abyss: The Social Fiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1990. Seyersted, Per. Kate Chopin: A Critical Biography. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1969. Showalter, Elaine. "Tradition and the Female Talent: The Awakening as a Solitary Book." Martin 33-55.

Drama Translation Essay

However, the mission of a translator of a dramatic work is slightly different from any other literary piece. A dramatic text is written in order to be performed on stage. The translator of such a text has therefore to bear in mind that the readers (i. e. the audience in this case) shall not only follow the written form of the script but also and primarily its spoken version. This fact influences the work of a translator to a great extent. He has to chose words that are easily pronounceable by actors and comprehensible to the audience. At the same time he ought to aspire to maintain the meaning and form of the original as much as possible so that the translation represents the goal and effort of the original author. Each translator aims at a maximal realistic authenticity, including both the inner (author’s and director’s notes) and outer language of the drama. â€Å"Translation, the surmounting of the obstacle, is made possible by an equivalence of thought which lies behind the different verbal expressions of a thought. No doubt this equivalence is traceable to the fact that men of all nations belong to the same species. When an Englishman is thinking of the woman whom he describes as ‘my mother’, a Frenchman is thinking of ma mere and a German of meine Mutter. Among normal people the three thoughts will be very similar and will recall the same memories of tenderness, loving care and maternal pride. In consequence ‘my mother’ can be perfectly translated by ma mere or meine Mutter. † (Savory 1957, p. 11) Savory (Savory 1957, p. 49) furthermore states twelve rules of a proper translation: 1. A translation must give the words of the original 3. A translation should read like an original work. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. A translation must give the ideas of the original. A translation should read like a translation. A translation should reflect the style of the original. A translation should possess the style of the translator. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator. A translation may add to or omit from the original. A translation may never add to or omit from the original. A translation of verse should be in prose. 13 12. A translation of verse should be in verse. There is a close relationship between the author and the translator of a literary work. Both of them have their own style of writing and expressing their thoughts. Nevertheless, the translator shall always be subordinate to the author whose text is considered the base of a dramatic text and its further stage production. â€Å"A translation may include any of the idiomatic expressions which are peculiar to its language and which the translator sees fit to adopt; but it needs not, because of this, possess the style which the reader may expect. Style is the essential characteristic of every piece of writing, the outcome of the writer’s personality and his emotions at the moment, and no single paragraph can be put together without revealing in some degree the nature of its author. But what is true of the author is true also of the translator. The author’s style, natural or adopted, determines his choice of a word, and, as has been seen, the translator is often compelled to make a choice between alternatives. The choice he makes cannot be reflect, though dimly, his own style. What does the reader expect; what does the critic demand? One of the reasons for a preference for a literal translation is that it is likely to come nearer to the style of the original. It ought to be more accurate; and any copy, whether of a picture or a poem, is likely to be judged by its accuracy. Yet it is a fact in making the attempt to reproduce the effect of the original, too literal a rendering is a mistake, and it may be necessary to alter even the construction of the author’s sentences in order to transfer their effects to another tongue. † (Savory 1957, p. 54) 3. 1 THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR The sense of purpose of translator’s work is to maintain, depict and impart the  original text; not to create a new piece of work that has no precursor. Translation aims to reproduce. The art of translation is founded on replacement of one piece of language material by another and thus on an independent creation of all artistic means proceeding from the language. â€Å"Translation as a work is an artistic reproduction, translation as a process is an original creation, translation as a type of art is a case on the boundary of art of reproduction and originally creative art. † (Levy 1963, p. 49) In the development of the art of reproduction two norms have been applied according to Levy (Levy 1963, p.52): the norm of reproduction (i. e. requirement on authenticity and accurateness) and the norm of â€Å"art† (requirement on beauty). This basic aesthetic contrast proves contrapositive to translational authenticity and freedom. The authentic 14 method (i. e. the literal) represents a procedure of work of such translators who aspire to reproduce the original precisely, whereas the free method (adaptative) aims at beauty, i. e. the aesthetics and thought proximity to the reader, and creation of an original work in a target native language. For a realistic translation both  norms are necessary: the translation has to be as exact reproduction of the original as possible but above all it should be a valuable literary piece of work. Newmark depicts the intention of a translator as follows: â€Å"Usually, the translator’s intention is identical with that of the author of the source language text. But he may be translating an advertisement, a notice, or a set of instructions to show his client how such matters are formulated and written in the source language, rather than how to adapt them in order to persuade or instruct a new target language readership. And again, he may be translating a manual of instructions for a less educated readership, so that the explanation in his translation may be much larger than the ‘reproduction. ’† (Newmark 1988, p. 12) The translator is supposed to be creative although his creativity is limited by the field of language. He can enlarge his native literature by creating new expressions (neologisms) or by incorporating foreign expressions into the native background (exotic expressions). Borrowing foreign language means or creating Czech equivalents is not only restricted to the lexical units but also to the stylistic values. Levy (Levy 1963, p. 69) mentions blank verse, sonnet, ghazal, haiku, and blues in this context. 3. 2 THE TRANSLATION OF A DRAMATIC TEXT The translator of a dramatic text has to respect the speciality of a spoken word. Dialogues do not narrate and depict actions or situations as in prose but they form them. They do not narrate how people meet and make relationships but perform the people acting and communicating with each other. The structure of a sentence of a dialogue is simple as could be, the sentences are usually paratactically connected, often without conjunctions. Many unfinished sentences and ellipsis may appear. So-called contact words are very important as well. Various modal particles and expressions that might have multifarious context meanings are characteristic of language of a dialogue. In this case dictionaries shall not be that useful for the translator for the language of drama is very specific and often peculiar. 15 In the frame of the artistic translation we further distinguish translations of poetry, prose and drama, which corresponds to the traditional division of artistic genres  into lyric, epic and dramatic genres. What is the quintessence of a dramatic text? Prose narrates events but drama transfers them via speech. Generally, the entire content has to be transposed into dialogues (monologues, polylogues), being accompanied by facial gestures, gesticulation, stagy space and props. The language requirements are higher here than in prose: the direct speech that essentially addresses the spectator has to be able to express – even though indicatively – far more than a dialogue of a novel. Except for the function of characterization of the protagonists the direct speech substitutes the other items of prosaic text (narrating the past, author’s reflexion, lyric digression etc. ), and at the same time it should sound naturally, for it is intended for a direct audio-visual impact. Kufnerova and Skoumalova (Kufnerova, Skoumalova 1994, p. 140) mention two kinds of a dramatic translation: 1 A piece of drama is translated as a literary text, and is originally intended more or less to be published for readers. That would be the case of most of the classical texts from Ancient times till 19th and 20th century. The translator proceeds from the original text and attempts to keep the most of its specificity. He is the only responsible and independent creator of the target text. The translator forms the final version of the translation regardless of the potential stage realization. 2 The director asks the translator for translation of a particular play for the setting with original and sophisticated poetics. The target text is exclusively written in cooperation with the particular theatre company. The original text is not that important any more, production features and a complete director intention predominate. The directors and often the actors themselves consider the text (and often even the original work) a kind of half- ready text, which they adapt during rehearsing the play, not always with a positive result. They create a dramatic text, transform the drama situations and adapt the language. Newmark comes with another theory of translating a dramatic work. According to him, the main purpose of translating a play is to have it performed successfully. 16  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Therefore a translator of drama inevitably has to bear the potential spectator in mind though, here again, the better written and more significant the text, the fewer compromises he can make in favour of the reader. Further, he works under certain constraints: unlike the translator of fiction, he cannot gloss, explain puns or ambiguities or cultural references, not transcribe words for the sake of local colour: his text is dramatic, with emphasis on verbs, rather than descriptive and explanatory. Michael Meyer, in a little noticed article in Twentieth Century Studies , quoting T.Rattigan, states that the spoken word is five times as potent as the written word – what a novelist would say in 30 lines, the playwright must say in five. The arithmetic is faulty and so, I believe, is the sentiment, but it shows that a translation of a play must be concise – it must not be an over-translation. † (Newmark 1988, p. 172) Newmark furthermore mentions Meyer who makes a distinction between dramatic text and sub-text, the literal meaning and the ‘real point’: i. e. what is implied but not said, the meaning between the lines. Meyer believes that if a person is questioned on a subject about which he has complex feelings, he will reply evasively (and in a circumlocutory manner). Ibsen’s characters say one thing and mean another. The translator must word the sentences in such a way that this, the sub-text, is equally clear in English. Normally one would expect a semantic translation of a line, which may be close to a literal translation, to reveal its implications more clearly than a communicative translation, that simply makes the dialogue easy to speak. Whilst a great play must be translated for the reading public’s enjoyment and for scholarly study as well as for performance on stage, the translator should always assume the latter as his main purpose – there should be no difference between an acting and a reading version – and he should look after readers and scholars only in his notes. Nevertheless, he should where possible amplify cultural metaphors, allusions, proper names, in the text itself, rather than replace the allusion with the sense. When a play is transferred from the source language to the target language culture it is usually no longer a translation, but an adaptation. Newmark concludes his thought by suggesting that â€Å"some kind of accuracy must be the only criterion of a good translation in the future – what kind of accuracy depending first on the type and then the particular text that has been translated – and what the word ‘sub-text’ with its Grician implications and implicatures can be made to cover a multitude of inaccuracies. † (Newmark 1988, p. 172) Jan Ferencik (Ferencik 1982, p. 72) was one of Slovak linguistic theoreticians dealing with the field of translating, among others. He also analyses the translation of a 17 dramatic text and mentions that unlike translation of other genres the translation of drama is characterized by: 1) written character of the text and non-written form of its social realization 2) collective and multistage character of an interpretation of the original in the process of creating the final translation text, on the contrary from the other genres, where the interpretation of the translator is unique and final. 3) dissimilarity of each new social realization, especially on stage, not only in case of  various translators and stage producers but also in case of coincident text and coincident stage producers within repeated communication (Stanislavskij – theatre, emotions, improvisation, momentary psychical and biological dispositions of actors, etc. ) excluding the technique of reproduced performances such as television recording, film, sound recording, etc. A live spectator, who himself becomes one of the interpreters of the performed text, is the participant of communication during a stagy realization. 4) subordination of all the involved to the interpretation of the main concept, which  usually means a weaker creative participation of the translator in the resultant communication than while translating other pieces of text Furthermore, Ferencik mentions the chain of communication that relates author, translator, director and finally the audience of a dramatic work. â€Å"The communicative successiveness of translation of a drama, unlike another translational texts, is following: Author – Translator (Interpreter 1) – Dramatic adviser and Director (Interpreters 2) – another involved originators: Scenographer, Composer, Actor (Interpreters 3) – Spectator, Listener (Interpreter 4). This chain of communication represents the time sequence of creation of a text and its social realization. † (Ferencik 1982, p. 72) As I have already said, translator’s interpretation of a text is only a base of a scenic interpretation which is, in connection with the presentation of a play, sometimes called director-dramaturgical concept. Naturally, there are differences in the approach to a translational dramatic piece of work, depending on the kind of its scenic realization (professional theatre, amateur theatre, TV dramatization, adopted performance, film adaptation, radio play..) and on subjective characteristics of particular interpreters. I would like to conclude this sub-chapter by another feature of a dramatic work, which is a dialogue cohesion. Cohesion as one of the linguistic means is to be found in 18 most of text styles and represents a connecting feature. Newmark (Newmark 1988, p. 58) sees a mistake in neglecting the spoken language as part of a separate theory of interpretation. Translators are concerned with recordings of many kinds, particularly surveys, as well as the dialogue of drama and fiction. Moreover, cohesion is closer in  the give and take of dialogue and speech than in any other form of text. Here the main cohesive factor is the question, which may be a command, request, plea, invitation (i. e. grammatically a statement or a command or a question) and where the forms of address are determined by factors of kinship and intimacy, and, regrettably, class, sex and age. Apart from transposing the structure of the sentence (e. g. ‘Could you come? ’ might become Tu peux venir? or Bitte komm), each language has opening gambits semantically reserved for this exchange. Similarly, each language has marking words that signal a break or end of a subject, such as ‘Right’, ‘Well’, ‘Good’, ‘Fine’, ‘Now’, ‘I see’ (Ach so, Parfait, C’est vrai) and the internationalism ‘O. K. ’ Lastly, there are the tags that are used to keep a flagging conversation going: ‘isn’t it, ‘see’, ‘you know’, which require a standard response. The translator has to bear in mind the main differences between speech and dialogue: speech has virtually no punctuation (‘The sentence is virtually irrelevant in speech’: Sinclair et al. , 1975), is diffuse, and leaves  semantic gaps filled by gesture and paralingual features. As I was working on the translation of Butterflies are free, it has been especially challenging to find an adequate equivalent to various cohesive means. In English it is more natural to use such introductory cohesive links as â€Å"you know† and â€Å"I mean† whereas in Czech it sounds rather disturbing and that is why I attempted to omit or replace those by more accurate expressions of the Czech language background. 3. 3 THE TRANSLATION OF THE TITLE OF A LITERARY WORK Naturally, the title of any literary work is an essential part and that is why  translating the title represents a challenging process for the translator. We, as readers, may find out many important clues out of the title. I have been working with a dramatic text that was already translated by Ivo T. Havlu in 1972. He translated the title Butterflies are free as â€Å"Motyli†. Nevertheless, the title of this play by Leonard Gershe (1969) is based on a quotation by Charles Dickens and on a song sung by Don, one of the protagonists. Havlu leaves the song out but I attempted to 19 maintain the original version and therefore translated the song, with help of a lyricist, in  the rhymed form of Czech. We have finally translated the phrase Butterflies are free as â€Å"Motyli leti na oblohuâ€Å". Concerning the theoretical background of translating the title of a literary work, Newmark (Newmark 1988, p. 57) distinguishes between â€Å"descriptive† titles, which describe the topic of the text, and â€Å"allusive titles†, which have some kind of referential or figurative relationship to the topic. For serious imaginative literature, Newmarks thinks a descriptive title should be ‘literally’ kept (Madame Bovary could only be Madame Bovary), and an allusive title literally or where necessary, imaginatively  preserved. Kufnerova and Skoumalova (Kufnerova, Skoumalova 1994, p. 149) grant that the title, being a description, abbreviation or metaphor, is essential part of the translation. According to them every translator pays attention to the title and rarely makes a mistake there, knowing the whole piece of work. Translation of a literary title is often influenced by the period conception or fashion. In 1920’ there was an effort to naturalize the title, introduce it into the local background, especially in the field of proper names. The  influence of a cultural system of Czech language is displayed even in period habits, that is why it is sometimes necessary to adapt the syntactic structure of the title to the common native forms. Czech language prefers connections of action to nominal linkages. Differences in social mind, knowledge of life and institutions and other extralinguistic means represent a frequent reason for an adaptation of the original version of a literary work. Contemporary literary translation relatively respects the original version of the title of the work in correspondence with the principles of modern science of translation  and we can rarely encounter the shifts, alterations or changes. Literary translations occupy a better position than film works translations that often include mistakes and frequent interventions in the original version and thus substantiate the insufficient competence of young translators and their insufficient responsibility. 3. 4 THE SHIFTS OF MEANING WITHIN THE TRANSLATION OF A DRAMATIC TEXT Within the translation of any piece of text a space for shifts of meaning, stylistic, etc. develops between the source and target language. The shifts might be unconscious,  20 or intentional and conception. In the second case we speak about a renovation of a translation. The term renovation therefore does not only represent an adaptation of outdated or archaic language, but it also a conscious conception adaptation of a text in a diachronic way and an adaptation to a different cultural and social background as well as to a particular directorial interpretation. Temporal and spatial distance causes that some features of the original text stop being comprehensible in another society, they are not transmittable via common means and  that is why even the realistic translation often requires an explanation instead of a literal translation or only an indication clue. The explanation is necessary if the reader cannot understand a word, idiom etc. that was present in the original version. Levy (Levy 1963, p. 82) implies that it is not correct to explain an indication, continue and complete a pause, or to sketch in the situation that has not been intentionally made clear in the original. Usage of indication is hereafter appropriate if we cannot use a full expression because the language material has become the artistic means and thus can be preserved. Slovak linguist Popovic mentions the shifts of a translation within his theory of expression: â€Å"An elaboration of the theory of expression becomes a starting point for a systematic evaluation of shifts in the translation, forms a basis of objective classification of the differences between the original and the translation. The demand to identify in the text every stylistic means from the structural point of view helps us to estimate in theory of translation that which represents an equivalent. A system of means of expression enables us to evaluate linguistic means in the stylistic analysis in the context, i.e. not isolated, but in their relation to the system of qualities of expression. This must be assumed if we wish to undertake a theoretical investigation of conformities and differences that arise when an original work is translated. Such generalizing evaluation of means in the frame of the single categories an expression and of the qualities of expression makes it possible for us to qualify explicitly, more precisely and systematically, the shift of expression, the relation between the language of the original and that of the translation. † (Popovic 1968, p. 238) Within my translating I have encountered several shifts of meaning. As the play was written in the 1960’ it was very demanding to concentrate on renovating the language and at the same time on preserving the original features to a certain extent so that the shifts could not represent such an interference of the original (Jill, for example, is mentioning Beatles, Jimmy Hendrix and Rolling Stones as her contemporaries and I therefore could not transfer the whole script into the present time. ). 21 3. 5 THE  RENOVATION OF A TRANSLATION Every translation, not depending on the genre, gets outdated after a period of time. As the language develops, new words arise and are borrowed from other languages and it is therefore necessary to replace, renovate or adapt the original expressions. Renovation of a translation constitutes the total of the shifts – of time, place, semantics, composition etc. Depending on the extent of the shifts the final text might even lose its original character of a translation and become a text of different, new qualities. As I have already mentioned, the renovation is not a prerogative of dramatic texts only. No type of artistic translation can do without any level of renovation, especially without time-language shift. Every translation of a literary work which has not originated simultaneously with the original, which happens very often, requires a certain level of such shifts that may be called renovation. Renovation is a usual creative procedure which is not understood as a deconstruction of the semantic identity of the original. In case the translator extends the amount of shifts for a time – language reasons, such a procedure is perceived as deconstruction of subject composition and is thus called â€Å"modification†, â€Å"free translation†, â€Å"free processing†, etc. Is it conceivable to qualify the limits of renovation of a translation? Is it possible to say the extent of renovation shifts that are considered to be an acceptable translational procedure arising from a rationale concept? What are the limits of an arbitrariness of the translator and groundless deformation of a text? It is therefore necessary to approach the quality, legitimacy and artistic adequacy of each translation individually. Concerning the dramatic texts, it is essential to examine the interest of all interpreters in the final version of a text. Ferencik (Ferencik 1982, p. 79) suggests that the â€Å"artistic† time flies differently than the absolute â€Å"cosmic† time and the absolute time is not every time corresponding with the â€Å"social† time. That is why it might be useful to shift the time frame of the action forward and reach the physical time via the artistic and social time means after a  relatively short period since the composition of dramatic texts. It may also be necessary to shift the localization of the action and change the names of some characters, especially those that are conditioned by means of time renovation or real existence. 22 Finally, the critique has thus to judge the extent of translator’s and producers’ preservation, refinement or declension of the original intention of the author. It might happen that a dramatic work gets deformed because of ill-conceived renovation to such an extent that it becomes more an awkward parody of a comedy than a socially  impressive piece of work. Consequently it is essential to be very careful when choosing the appropriate renovation means, to maintain their level and choose such means that correspond to author’s poetics. Savory describes the renovation of a translation as follows: â€Å"Art, proverbially, is long, so that translation, in so far as it is an art, should be in like manner timeless, persistently reappearing as an inevitable response to the stimuli felt by succeeding generations. An artist in oils or water-colour does not refrain from making a picture of Mapledurham Mill because it has been drawn and painted so many times already; he regards this fact as one more reason for his, the latest, attempt. In the same way writers have always been ready to express in their own language the passages, from epigrams and couplets to epics and long books, originally written in other tongues. Of subsidiary importance is the fact that a fresh translation of any work of literary merit is welcomed because the existing translations sound antiquated, or are obsolescent; and this is a factor which cannot be neglected or forgotten. There are fashions in literature and changes in literary taste, so that a rendering of Virgil which satisfied the Elizabethans of the sixteenth century will not necessarily appeal to the Elizabethans of the twentieth. There should be small need for hesitation on the part of anyone who considers embarking on a worthwhile translation, and one of the most unmistakable signs of the literary interests and activities of the present day is the popularity and the plentifulness of new translations. † (Savory 1957, p. 28) Newmark (Newmark 1988, p.172) suggests that a translator of drama in particular must translate into the modern target language if he wants his characters to ‘live’, bearing in mind that the modern language covers a span of, say, 70 years. If one character speaks in a bookish or old-fashioned way in the original, written 500 years ago, he must speak in an equally bookish and old-fashioned way in the translation, but as he would today, therefore with a corresponding time-gap – differences of register, social class, education, temperament in particular must be preserved between one character and another. Thus the dialogue remains dramatic, and though the translator cannot forget the potential spectators, he does not make concessions to them. 23 3. 6 LANGUAGE AND STYLE As Newmark (Newmark 1995, p. 123) implies, for the translator, language is a code which he is well aware he will never break, a system he cannot wholly grasp, because it is lexically infinite. All he can do is make assumptions about it, in accordance with the benefits he derives from it, depending on the yield that suits the users at the time; the assumptions, like the sense of the words, will change continuously. â€Å"The translator is frequently faced with too little extralinguistic reality and too much linguistic ambiguity – words either too far out of their usual collocations or so frequently in them that they become meaningless cliche, fitting as loosely as yale keys in the huge locks of their context. † (Newmark 1995, p. 123) Concerning the Czech background, Kufnerova and Skoumalova (Kufnerova, Skoumalova 1994, p. 72) describe the Czech language as significantly different from other European languages that exist also outside Europe (Russian, English) in which we  cannot find general colloquial form of the language as in Czech. On the other hand, there are many informal expressions, dialects, slang and social dialects. Czech and partly German create a special area in Europe where general colloquial informal language is often used. In artistic translations this general colloquial Czech language does not appear without the stylization. That can be achieved via various techniques, but all of them tend to keep the appearance of such features in the text, so that they would fulfill their function and would not disturb the reader, or spectator. In my translation I have let Jill and finally also Don use such general colloquial Czech expressions although the original version had not always clearly stated those. I have done so in order to keep the unity and originality of the text. Slang represents a specific language field within each language and a specific problem of translators to be solved. It often includes emotional elements and thus characterizes the speaker. According to Knittlova (Knittlova 2000, p. 111) the collation of slang words that have various system relations in different languages is very difficult. In slang (especially of young people) we can notice an effort to be outlandish and to exaggerate expressive gestures. Slang wants to shock, provoke, it is a sign of revolt or disobedience. It is presented via overexposing some categories of expressions, hyperbole, metaphorical phraseology, colloquial metaphors, irony, comicality, folk expressions and above all playfulness with the language. Several studies have been written about English standard and sub-standard slang. The term â€Å"slang† denotes partly 24 a special diction, partly highly colloquial language or jargon of a particular social class,  a group or a period. In dictionaries the stylistic categorization of words or phrases that do not belong to a formal language is denoted by â€Å"slang†. However, the boundary between slang and colloquial English is rather movable and indistinct. Slang is an extract of colloquial language, it is not tied in with the rules of standard English, but it is rated as vivid, colourful, more full-bodied as for the diction and more flexible. It arises by a natural need of creation of new words that emotionally affect the utterance and express a subjective evaluation of the reality. Nevertheless, slang is not a secret code, an English speaker understands it easily but does not consider it something quite correct. Knittlova concludes that it is therefore a distortion of style if a translator replaces the English slang by offensive words or even by vulgarism. A style of any written piece of work is affected both by the personality of the writer and by the period of history he lives in. Translation includes the bridging of time as well as the bridging of space.