John L. Lewis :: Biography Biographies

John L. LewisJohn L. Lewis started animateness in Lucas County, Iowa February 12, 1880 the son of Thomas Lewis, a coal miner and policeman. John was chisel born. In the 1880s and the 1890s their family lived in a company owned shanty with an outdoor privy.Whet John was in his teens they moved to Des Moines. That is where John attended naughty school, completing almost all of his four divisions of schooling. Family ties were strong, even though he did non approve of his mothers religion he did obey her when it came to sexuality and alcoholic drink usage. For the most part he was not a troublemaker and played by the rules. In the late 1890s his family moved back to Lucas County and in that respect he became a coal miner. In 1901, he was elected secretary of the United MineWorkers of America. As holding this job, he set up many another(prenominal) small events. That same year he left for four years to work out west in coal mines. With him doing this he saw many disaste rs and aided in many heroic deeds to lend him authenticity to his claim to speak for the working class. In 1905 John returned to Lucas and in 1907 he ran for mayor however he was not elected and all the Lewises left Iowa and moved to southern mining town in Illinois. There the men in the family soon established themselves among the large tire force as hard workers. In 1910 John was elected president of the local mining union 1475, one of the largest in the state.Shortly before loss Iowa, he had married Myrta Edith Bell, the daughter of a local physician. She provided a stable home life but she did not care for her husbands politics. They kept their personal life and his political life very separated.Johns leadership in southern Illinois led to advancement in the labor movement. He was now the legislative agent for the UMWA of Illinois. From there on until 1920 when he became president of UMWA. He kept moving up the union corporate ladder until he was on top. During the 1920s The UMWA declined rapidly, though the union had won some strikes about wages the competition between oil and coal was resulting in layoffs in the South and the Midwest.

Free Essays - Running From Prejudice :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Running From Prejudice   I look around and I see it, and then I read more or less it. But I never thought I would be faced with discrimination firsthand. Its my junior year in high school, with lots of opportunities, freedom and responsibility. I decided to join the cross-country team, and somehow I knew it wouldnt be easy, but I knew most of the team from classes and from running track.   The first day of practice I disregarded the stares. As the season went on, though, I started to feel out of place, like an outsider.   I was the only African-American and there was no one I could come to to or who could relate to me. I stayed to myself and kept thinking, Life is not always great, but I just have to get through this. There were true multitude I was able to get along with, but even they would occasionally make racial comments. By then I was fully awake of how much respect they lacked.   One day later a meet as we were preparing to leave, they started discussin g how teens sometimes do crazy things. Then all of a jerky the issue of black and white surfaced and someone said, Whites are superior to blacks, blacks have issues. The saddest part of this was realizing they knew I was there and didnt care. My world crumbled as they made comment after comment and laughed. Reality smacked me in the face. Id had my first encounter with discrimination.   The tears poured from my eyes as I headed for the bus. The only thought I had was how I had been deceived into believing these people were my friends and I could trust them. Even though some apologized, I dont have the respect for them I had had before. My insight on people will never be the same.   After the incident, I took some time away from the team to reflect on what was important to me.

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre Essay

Charlotte Brontes Jane EyreJane Eyre was written in the mid-nineteenth century and is setduring the Victorian period, at a time where a womens role in societywas restrictive and repressive and class differences were distinct. Ajob as a governess was one of the only a couple of(prenominal) respectable positionsavailable to the educated but impoverished single women.Schools of the 19th century were strict, and they demanded much hardwork and participation from the students, however, just the same,children of the time love going to school. Most children felt that itwas a privilege to attend school and they especially enjoyed the timeit gave them to be with and socialize with other children. This isreflected in the novel because Jane is jolly to be leaving her cruelaunt and of having the chance of going to school. In the country wheresmall, one-room schools existed, the Three Rs were considered themost principal(prenominal) subjects because, to be able to read the script wouldmake a person a better Christian. In the novel, Mr. Brocklehurst saidtake away your heart of stone and give you a heart of flesh. He was asking Jane to pray to God to change her attitude towards religion,highlighting the importance of religion. Good penmanship-writing was avaluable skill as neat, legible handwriting was considered a house of acultured person, and knowing how to solve mathematical-arithmeticproblems was important for anyone who wanted to be a farmer, a storekeeper, a craftsperson, a miller, or any consider of other careers.The depiction of disease in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre helps defineJanes social position and. This is because the poor were oftenassociated with diseases such as tuberculosis in the Victorian peri... ...r experiences as an emotionally abused and lostchild result to feelings of constant need to replenish herself andrely on herself. It is necessary for women to be independent in carriagebut not to the point where they lack trust in others and cannotdev elop relationships with other people. Jane constantly doubts hertrust in other people. She denies relationships that could be trulyfulfilling in her life because she lacks the ability to depend on ortrust other people. However, she eventually does realise her mistakesand matures through them.In conclusion, I think that the most important reasons why Jane cameto prefer Lowood to Gateshead despite its hardships is that shereceived love and affection at Lowood from mainly Miss Temple andHelen Burns, this was particularly important to Jane as she had not in reality had not really ever been loved by anyone.

In Patagonia Summary :: essays research papers

In Patagonia is one of the more interesting books that Ive read lately. Its the further book that I know of that crosses theives with archaeology. It is mainly a collection of Bruce Chatwins logs and descriptions of his travels in the South American frontier in the late 70s and early 80s (during the Cold War), alter also with short stories and vignettes. Some of them are true, though some mix the facts with fiction. Chatwin leaves these stories hanging and ties most of them back together in the end.      Chatwin tells of the lives of the people in Patagonia with practically detail. He goes into much detail describing the poor Welsh, Scottish, English, and Italian farmers. Since farmers make up most of Patagonias workforce, Chatwin stays with quite a few them and learns about the culture, history, and heritage of Patagonia. umteen of the generous people he lodges with were outcasts or exiled from their own country and told him the fascinating stories of their own lives and how they came to be in Patagonia. They also tell the riveting stories of the rich Patagonian borderland, where theives and criminals pass by wild. One such pair of criminals was Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. They committed all sorts of crimes including larceny and murder (though Butch Cassidy never killed a man until late in his stooped career). After committing many crimes in Utah, they travelled down to South America to avoid the law.     In Patagonia also depicts the captivating history of the Archaeological findings and the many discoveries that realize been made in parts of South America. The book starts off with a remenisence of Chatwin playing with his grandmothers "brontosaurus skin". This is what sparked his desire to search the South Americas. The English boatman Charley Milward had found it originally. Then he reported it to a major archaeologist at that time by the name of Florentino Ameghino. In the end, the skin turns out to not be the skin of a brontosaurus, but rather a Mylodon.

Critique of Story Haircut :: essays research papers

Reading through the whole story &quotH propagatecut&quot , it is not easy to consider that the death of Jim Kendall is really accidental. It is most likely that the incident is a murder. Jim Kendall is not a man who is loved by people in that small town, although somewhat people find his jokes funny as long as they are not on them. There are many examples of those on whom Jim always makes devil jokes such as Milt who &quothas got an Adams apple that looks more like a mushmelon&quot Julie Gregg and especially Paul Dickson who fell out of a corner when he was nigh ten years old &quotLit on his head and it done something to him and he aint never been right. No harm in him, but just silly." Paul is the most important one among them be give birth of two reasons He is not as clever and reasonable as the others and he is the one who was killed Jim Kendall. Of course these do not prove that the killing of Jim is on purpose. However there are some more reasons that ca n cause Paul kill Jim on purpose. As we understood from what is told, Paul is fall in love with Julie although she just feels lenience on him "The poor boy was unrestrained about Julie and she always treated him mighty nice and made him feel like he was welcome, though of course it wasnt nothing but pity on her side" But according to Paul, Jim never treated her right. He faked her by mimicking Doc. Stair when Doc. Stair was away and made her come to doctors office. By the way he and some of his friends hid near the office and laugh at her when she realized the trick. They made fun of her till she got home. Later, when Paul learned this he told the whole story to Doc. Stair. He replied Paul that he would make Jim suffer some how "Its a chinch Doc went up in the air and swore hed make Jim suffer" These words from Doc. Stair may well encourage such a person like Paul about punishing Jim Kendall in his own way.We do not know exactly how old Paul is but it can be assu med that he is not very old, he may be a teenager. In his ages insults are much more damaging than knifes.

Critique of Story Haircut :: essays research papers

Reading through the whole story & adeninequotHaircut&quot , it is not easy to believe that the death of Jim Kendall is really accidental. It is most likely that the incident is a murder. Jim Kendall is not a man who is loved by plenty in that small town, although nigh people find his jokes funny as long as they are not on them. There are legion(predicate) examples of those on whom Jim always makes annoying jokes such as Milt who &quothas got an Adams apple that looks more like a mushmelon&quot Julie Gregg and especially Paul Dickson who feral out of a tree when he was about ten years old &quotLit on his head and it done something to him and he mortalalt never been right. No harm in him, but just silly." Paul is the most important one among them because of two reasons He is not as clever and reasonable as the others and he is the one who was killed Jim Kendall. Of course these do not prove that the killing of Jim is on purpose. However there are some more reaso ns that can cause Paul kill Jim on purpose. As we understood from what is told, Paul is fall in love with Julie although she just feels pity on him "The poor boy was crazy about Julie and she always treated him mighty nice and make him feel like he was welcome, though of course it wasnt nothing but pity on her side" But according to Paul, Jim never treated her right. He faked her by mimicking mercantilism. Stair when Doc. Stair was away and made her come to doctors office. By the way he and some of his friends hid near the office and laugh at her when she realized the trick. They made fun of her till she got home. Later, when Paul learned this he told the whole story to Doc. Stair. He replied Paul that he would make Jim suffer some how "Its a chinch Doc went up in the air and swore hed make Jim suffer" These words from Doc. Stair may well encourage such a person like Paul about punishing Jim Kendall in his own way.We do not know exactly how old Paul is but it can be assumed that he is not very old, he may be a teenager. In his ages insults are much more damaging than knifes.

Front Office Operations

Front office and customer rubber and security department security pulse Issues - Security encompasses beas such(prenominal) as security of the comelyty itself, follow assets, employees and customers soulfulnessal belongings and valuables, life security, personal security and so on In all workplaces counsel stipulates that it is non trusty for valuables and employees personal belongings (their handbags, items kept in the personal lockers, etc. . Yet management must let all possible measures to pr even offt theft among employees and of employee belongings through its hiring practices and through the implementation of efficient management, human resources and operational policies, such as Background checks of selected appli bungholets Policies related to employees entranceway to, and exit from, the workplace Spot checks of locker cortege and lockers Effective supervision and ascendance during the work cycle Policies related to the dis natural coveringy of criminal records and wrongdoing among, and by, employees Control of people entering and exiting the workplace With regard to lymph gland valuables, management informs leaf nodes that the hotel is not responsible for valuables go forth in the board, advising them to secure these in base hit deposit boxes provided by the hotel.Besides taking c be of security issues related to the people they employ (as turn outlined above), management must undertake roughly necessary measures, among which Providing secure ( galosh) deposit boxes and plains to keep valuables Policies and practices to ensure the security of these boxes and areas instruction and operational policies regarding the security of guest rooms Management and operational policies regarding the security of public areas Security policies and practices for the back-of-the-house areas Employment and learning of security forcefulness Policies and practices to minimize the presence and patronage of shady characters and crim inals, verification of registration and check in personal data and documentation submitted, and curtailing free movement of un cognizes on the premises, as well as direct, free flowing communication with local, national and international security authorities) Training of staff in guest and valuable security Effective supervision and control procedures. Some of the security measures taken by hotels Key broadsheet Locks While key card locks on guest rooms are quickly becoming the standard, some hotels still dont take advantage of the added safety provided to guests. leaf node room locking organizations these days include punch and magnetic key cards which have locks with flash memory and different productivity linked functions. The outline plunder directly be linked with PMS. Security Guards Most hotels do not have security guards magic spell some employ them only at night. At Best Western Sterling Inn, we have our own staff of trained security guards working 24-hour s every day to provide the best in safety and security for our guests Defibrillation Units A life saving device in object lesson of heart attacks, defibrillation units are starting to be deployed among police and emergency personnel across the nation. Security Cameras Few Hotels have security cameras with digital technology, intelligent access central frame, software interface with CCTV for matching undesirable visitors and criminals, interfacing with motion detectors, sack lie detectors and spy cameras and use of biometric readers like hand key reader or face recognition system etc. combustion Alarms While approximately hotels now have smoke detectors and leaven alarms, Some hotels have a state of the art alarm system with smoke detectors in each guest room and throughout the entire complex that is monitored 24 hours a day, 7 days per week that pinpoints the exact point of the alarm allowing our security staff to move straightaway to the area of any alarm conditio n. Emergency Power Very few hotels have any provision for emergency power in baptistry of an electrical outage while a few hotels provide hold emergency stand-by power to provide elevator service and some lighting. Some hotels has a 2-Megawatt stand-by rootage that provides 100% emergency power that canister provide uninterrupted guest service during a power outage. Emergency Manual Hotels maintain an emergency manual, detail operations in the event of a variety of emergencies. Employee Photo ID For added security, some hotels have employees wearing a photo ID placetag allowing quick identification. In-Room Safes In addition to the safety deposit boxes offered by most hotels at the comportment desks, Some hotels provide in-room guest safes capable of holding a lap-top computer that use the guests own reference point card as the key. guest elevators Elevators may likewise be interfaced with a room electronic locking system, where swiping the room card key takes the guest to the bedeck on which he is stick toing. Bomb threat securityPrecautions and measures that may be taken in the above case 1. Security nets and organic structure searches for guests not known to the staff. 2. Banqueting suites and other non-public areas should be security checked and locked after use 3. Goods get and bags should be checked and kept tidy. 4. If a bomb threat is received via telephone, the telephonist should note carefully what exactly is said, the time of the call received the accent of the caller and background noise if any. after the alert the GM should stay put in the lobby where he can be reached considerably. . Duties and responsibility of staff during an emergency should be well-defined. 6. The hotel should work closely with the police to keep them updated. 7. bedchamber maids and HK supervisors should be trained to conduct security checks in the guest rooms. Security measures for women travelers -Mirrored walls of the guestroom floor elevato rs so that you can see who is walking behind you -Well-lit public areas such a s lobby bars -Valet parking services to reverse the need o a woman to enter the parking lot -Assigning rooms closer to the elevator If a woman traveler is not assigned a room on the special executive floor , hotels most a great deal on request, upgrade her accommodation to that floor without an increase in room rate. The floor is staffed almost 24 hours a day with a concierge IMPORTANCE OF A SECURITY SYSTEM The guest, who comes to a particular hotel, comes with an understanding that he and his belongings both give be safe and secure during his stay at the hotel. At the corresponding time it is also quite important that the hotel staff and assets are protected and secure.Hence it is very important to have a proper security system in place to protect staff, guests and physical resources and assets such as equipment, appliances buildings, gardens of the hotel and also the belongings of the guest. The man agement must take care that the security and safety systems cover the following areas ? Guest Protection from crimes such as murder, abduction and health hazards from outsiders, hotel staff, pests, food poisoning etc. ? Staff Providing staff lockers, insurances, health schemes, provident funds etc.Protective clothing, shoes, turn on fighting drills, supplying of clean drinking peeing use of aqua guards, sanitized wash rooms etc. ? Guest luggage Secure luggage store rooms and proper equipment such as luggage trolley and bell hop trolley should be provided. ? Hotel Equipments Lifts, Boilers, Kitchen equipment, furniture fitting and building etc. must be protected and for these the security and safety should cover up discharge safety equipment, bomb threat security system, water floods security system, temblor security system , safe vault security system etc. Protection of raw hooeys, goods, provisions and groceries etc. for this the security system should cover proper computer memory and pest control systems, apart from the application of total material management system. TYPES OF SECURITY 1) Physical fount 2) Security of persons 3) Security of systems 1) Physical aspect is divided into two parts a) Internal b)external a) Internal security Against theft Fire safety Proper lighting Safeguarding assets Track unwanted guests b) External Security Proper lighting outside the buildingProper fencing of the building Fecing of pool area to avoid accidents in the night Manning of service gates to restrict adit mend of closed circuit TV cameras 2) Security aspects of persons a) Staff Effective recruitment and selection Identification of staff Key control Red tag system Training Locker inspection b) Guests Check scanty baggage guests Guests suspected of taking away hotel property should be charged according to hotel policy Guest room security Provide wide angle door viewer, dead bolt locks, night torch, chains on doors tc Employees should be trained to not give an y information abount in house guests to outsiders While issuing a card key ask for key card if in question of the guest. House keeping staff should never leave keys expose on unattended carts in corridors 3) Security aspects of systems Record of all losses and missing items immediately Inventory control should be proper Auditing should be done on a regular basis Proper system for cash disbursements should be do The term system implies the operations of the hotel eg all the equipment used for operation, procedures laid down for operations and policies to be followed.Systems procedures and policies if followed properly shall safeguard the assets and increase life span of equipment as well as avoid any breakdown maintenance This would mean the following Fix duties and responsibilities Fix duties of staff members so that they dont intermeddle with others work. Make surprise checks Staff who have access to liquid assets should be made to sign a bond so that in case of theft the concer ned person can easily be caught Hiring of some independent security play along to check the security system of the hotel Safety issues When we take the same hotel as ex grand, it is managements duty to ensure safety in several areas, such as The structure itself Installations and fixtures (check electrical, plumbing, air-conditioning and other installations) Public and work areas (e. g. slippery floors, hazardous obstacles in traffic areas), safety of furniture, equipment, appliances, and utensils. This is followed by Health safety (nontoxic cleaning material and detergents used) Good quality air (what we breathe, dependent upon the case of equipment, installations and fixtures used, and regular repairs and maintenance) Food safety (a whole world in itself including sanitation, food quality, food spoilage, correct handling procedures, allowable and recommended temperatures, etc. ), and checking and control procedures. An important preventive measure is eliminating the possibil ity of communicating contagious diseases. Even if local regulations do not dominate it, it is recommended to send food and beverage handlers for a regular medical checkup. Another preventive measure is the formulation and implementation of policies and procedures related to employee accidents which may present a threat to food sanitation.Culinary staff who cut themselves accidentally at work, as often happens while slicing food products, have to immediately stop handling food, and report to their Executive Chef and to the person in charge of First Aid in their company (Security or Human Resources Department) for preliminary treatment and handling. Healing and precautionary measures are taken before they are allowed back at their job. There are also some basic dress requirements for staff involved in food and beverage preparations e. g.Chefs hats (to prevent hair and whatever hair contains to fall into the food), discreet earrings (non-dangling) or no earrings for women, and long ha ir neatly and securely tied in a bun at the back of the head. Of no lesser importance is the safety of work tools and work procedures covering all areas, such as stable ladders, secure shelving, safety shoes, well-fitting work garments, clearly written and complete safety procedures and guidelines from management, safety training, and safety installations and equipment, e. g. ire fighting units, regular maintenance schedules for safety equipment and installations, wider traffic areas (to prevent accidents), adequate staffing, and last only when not least, continuous effective training in work procedures. All of this necessitates comprehensive planning, the creation of clear policies and work procedures, organization, implementation, training of supervisors and employees, supervision and control. FIRE Fires in the hotel may result in the imperfection and loss of life of both the guests and the staff. Main causes of discount are i) Smoking -Smoke only where allowed. -Put out cigare ttes in the right place. Sufficient ash trays should be provided in eating places and in rooms, but away from curtains and draperies. -Educate the guests about fire possibilities due to smoking. ii) Defective wiring, faulty appliances and motor and worn out insulation Such hazards should be immediately inform to the concerned person and such equipment should be immediately repaired iii) Laundry Areas Care should be taken to see that none of the electrical equipment is left on after use iv)Gas leaks Precautions should be taken against this especially in kitchen areas. v) Combustible waste Combustible material should never b e left near the boiler room i) Kitchen All equipment such as chimneys, exhausts, ventilators, grills, hoods etc. which collect a lot of fume vapor and catch fire easily should be cleaned regularly. vii) Elevator shafts These require constant check and inspection. Cigarette butts can ignite the debris and oils that gather at the bottom of elevator shafts. Types of Fire and fire extinguishers Hotel personnel are trained about the fire protection procedure and the types of fire. They must be able to recognize the various types of fire, all fire require air. Air contains O2 which is necessary for combustion.Fire has been partified in 5 categories depending on how they can be extinguished- Class A Fire- It is the fire of wood, paper, linen and similar dry materials. They are extinguished by cooling and quenching effect of water. The water reduces the temperature of burning substances below their combustion temperature. These are the most frequent and easiest to extinguish when there is an ample water supply and when water can be directed on the combustible material . Keeping the other combustible material wet will limit the spreading of fire Class B Fire-These include fires of oil, gasoline, grease and other petroleum product.These fires are extinguished by blanketing the source of burning substances and eliminating the supply of O2. Petroleum products is lighter than water and will float on water and continue to burn and spread by means of flowing water to other section of the building, hence water is never used for this category. Class C Fire-These are the fires of pressurized gases. For e. g. L. P. G. , most of the gases are lighter than air but L. P. G. is heavier than air. Water is not to be used for this class of fire. Class D Fire-These are fire of metals having low burning temperature for e. g. Na, Mg etc.This class of fire does not exist in the hotel. Class E Fire-These are electrical fire. The fire extinguishing agent must not conduct electrical energy which could spread the fire. Electrical fires are usually blanketed and cooled down. Water is a good cooling agent but it also conducts electricity, so it is not used to control or extinguish this class of fire. Electrical fire is usually caused by a part of circuit overheating or by short circuit. Controlling the sizes of electrical fuses and circuit circuit bre aker will often minimize this class of fire. There are 2 systems of fire protection . portable fire extinguisher. 2. Stationary fire fighting system. Portable fire extinguisher a. Soda bitter fire extinguisher- It is used for class A fire. The extinguishing agent is H2O. The fire extinguisher is a cylinder type of pan in which a rubber or flexible hose is attached to the top. When it is desired to use the extinguisher, it is carried to the fire and inverted. A small bottle of acid usually H2SO4 is spilled when the cylinder is inverted or turn upside down. Powdered sodas, bicarbonate of soda (Baking Soda) is mixed with H2O when the tank is charge or fills with water.The chemic reaction of acid and soda water creates a pressure which forces the water out of the cylinder or tank. The hose is used to direct the flow of water to the fire. It has 2 disadvantages- -It must be kept away from freezing -Acid causes corrogen problem which reduce the life of the tank or cylinder. The corrogen problem has been minimized by refilling the acid with carbon dioxide cartridge clip. Upon the cylinder inversion the cartridge opens and releases CO2 gas under high pressure. The high pressure gas than forces the water out of cylinder. b. CaCl2 fire extinguisher-It is also used on class A fire. CaCl2 is a salt which when added to water form brine which has very low freezing temperature. CO2 cartridge is used as pressure agent to force H2O and CaCl2 out of the cylinder to the fire. These extinguishers are used where freezing is a potential hazard c. suds type extinguisher-It is used on class B type of fire. The extinguisher is charged with special chemical (Al2SiO4), the chemical spread on the burning material and the solution, blanket the fire by excluding O2. d. CO2 fire extinguisher- It is used on C, D and E class of fire. The CO2 types spray a chemical dapple towards the fire.The fog quickly excludes the O2 from the burning material and blanket the combustible material. e. D. C. P. extinguisher- It can be used on C, D and E class of fire. The most frequent extinguishing agent is sodium bicarbonate or plain baking soda. The extinguisher is charged with the dry chemical and a small tank of CO2 gas. The CO2 gas exerts pressure on dry chemical and forces it out of a nozzle directly to the fire. The powder strict the fire and the heat from the fire breaks down the chemical which releases CO2 gas on a large scale which helps in extinguishing the fire.Stationary fire fighting system a. Automatic sprinklers-It is broadly mounted just below the ceiling height with a temperature detector or smoke detector, attached with each sprinkler. The temperature from the fire melts the fusible link on the detector, which opens a water valve. The water is then sprayed on the ceiling and falls on the floor, extinguishing the fire. If the fire area should spread, more sprinklers are automatically opened, and then confining the fire to a small area. The temperature detecto r can be purchased for different activating temperature.The high temperature detectors are often used in kitchens. b. Fire Hose System-It is a semi portable system. In this system the fire hose box is permanently located but the flexible hose can be moved to various distances throughout the building. The hose used to fight fire within a building should be of linen type. The linen allows some water seepage through it which will prevent its burning when in use. HANDLING EMERGENCY SITUATIONS Apart from fire and bomb threat etc. the straw man office staff at some point of time have to handle a lot of unusual situations also.Some such situations may be demise and illness of guests, theft in hotels etc and many others. 1) Death of a guest in the hotel ? Once the information comes to the front desk it should directly be reported to the front office manager. ? The front office manager will then report it to the GM or resident manager ? The security manager should also be informed immedia tely ? The police is informed and the hotel doctor is summoned who will check and confirm the death ? Meanwhile the hotel will locate the residential address of the deceased person and will inform the relatives. Once the police complete all formalities and activities and gives the permission, the dead body is fully covered and then removed from the room on a capstone. For this purpose the service elevator and not the guest elevator is used ? A death certificate is obtained from the doctor ? A report should be prepared as to who informed of the death, time, room number and date of death. In case there is any luggage of the deceased in the room a list should be prepared and the luggage should be kept in the luggage room and the person performing this activity should sign this report ? The guest room is locked and sealed. After obtaining clearance from the police the room is opened and thoroughly disinfected and spring cleaned and only after permission of the police and subsequent perm ission of the GM or resident manager the room should be sold. Some important facts to be kept in mind are ? Donot enter the room wholly always take the lobby manager and security officer with you ? In case you are aware that the deceased was under the treatment of a specific doctor, the same should be called instead of the hotel doctor. His physician will also be helpful in knowing and notifying the incident to the relatives and people known to him ?Donot disturb the body or touch anything before the arrival of the police as this may be a murder or suicide case. 2) Handling accident cases A knowledge of first aid would come very handy in such situations. In general the following points should be taken care of abrogate the person who has met with accident from the send of accident as early as possible and take him to a more comfortable area, use a stretcher in case the need be Call the doctor and if possible give him the details of accident and gravity of the accident. Take s omeone along with you to the site of the accident as you may need help Keep alert you must serve the victim immediately by providing first aid correct to protect your establishment from any false allegations Prepare a full report of the whole accident giving details of the date and time who reported the incident, room no. , site of the accident etc. Also make your comments as to the reason of the accident and how could it have been prevented and what action is to be taken to avoid the same in the future.The accident book An accident book is usually maintained in all organizations and the receptionist should record all details of accidents which have occurred to employees whilst carrying out their daily activities. The book must be kept in a place easily accessible by any injured person or a person bona fide Particulars of an accident may be entered here in either by the injured person himself or by a person acting on his behalf The accident ook when filled up should be preser ved for a period of three years after the date of the last entry Every employer is required to take steps to investigate the circumstances of the accident recorded and if there happens to be any discrepancy between the circumstances build by him and the entry made, he is required to record the circumstances so found. 3) Situation of Theft Theft is divided into four categories I. Theft by employees of the hotel can be avoided by Work business and personal references should be checked before the employee is hired. A detailed record of all employees who enter the guest room such as chamber maids bellboys room boys maintenance etc All hotel keys should be returned to the department concerned and no employee should be allowed to take keys out of the hotels premises. II. wrongfulness of hotel property by the guest can be avoided by The hotel staff should identify the main cause for the damage. If the damage is appears to be done intentionally the hotel can ask the guest to pay comp ensation for the same. For this it is necessary that the front desk is well versed with the cost of the damaged item.III. Theft of hotel property by the guest foot be avoided by taking the following steps Installing automatic locks on the guest room doors Appointing a security officer who would walk and take rounds at regular intervals Inform guests to use the safe vault of the hotel and not to keep valuables in the guest room Keep a watch on walk in as their likelihood of being a thief is more as compared to a guest who has undergone a process of making a reservation in the hotel Avoid giving room numbers of resident guests to visitors or over the telephone callers. In case the guest loses his key and asks housekeep to open the room door for them, HK should direct them to front desk Master key should be kept under strict supervision and control Theft by outside visitors can be avoided by being aware of suspicious persons regular and irregular schedule of vigil and rounds Stagger lunch and rest periods of employees so as to keep one person on duty on each floor at all times Instruct eh telephone streetwalker not to connect calls to the guest room incase the request is made by the caller by room number.The receptionist should insist on knowing the name of the guest who the caller wishes to speak to. Guest should be informed to keep the balcony door closed to avoid anyone entering the rooms from the balcony Closed circuit televisions should be used 4) Situation of illness and epidemics The receptionist may be called for assistance during sickness of a guest. Patient should be advised to consult the house physician but in case the guest has his own physician the same should be called. Housekeeping needs to be notified about the sickness and instructions if any If the case of serious sickness, the guest should be moved to a nursing home During epidemics all precautionary measures especially in food and beverage service area should be followed 5 ) Handling a drunk guest The guest should be removed from the lobby as early as possible but being careful not to irritate/offend him. Preferably taken to the back office or to his room. If he behaves unruly, the hotel security must be called.Safe deposit adeptness in the hotel for security of guests valuables It is the responsibility of management to develop and maintain proper safe deposit procedures for its property. If this facility is available for guests, notices regarding it should be put up in various conspicuous/noticeable places in the hotel and also should be mentioned to the guest. Safe deposit boxes should be located in an area, in vicinity of the front desk and which has limited access.Unauthorized guests or personnel should not be permitted inside the area. Front office staff should be well-versed with the procedures regarding safe deposit boxes. Strict control should apply to the storage and issue of safe deposit keys. At any point of time there should be only one key issued for each safe even if more than one person is using the safe. Two keys are required to open a safe deposit box one being the guests key and the other being the control key/guard key put in by the cashier/safe deposit attendant. After the verification f the identity of the guest, the safe deposit attendant/cashier should accompany the guest to the safe deposit area where in clear softwood should make use of the control key and the guests key to open the safe. Sometimes the hotel may not be able to meet the get for individual safe box in that case a large box containing the belongings of more than one guest is used. Each guests belongings are put in an envelope which is sealed. The key to this box is stored in a secure place and a log is maintained which records an entry each time the key is used to open the box

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Entries and relative size According to the publishers, it would take a single person 120 historic period to type the 59 million speech of the OED indorsement edition, 60 years to proofread it, and 540 megabytes to store it electronically. 4 As of 30 November 2005, the Oxford English mental lexicon contained approximately 301,100 main entries. Supplementing the entry head nomenclature, there are 157,000 b emeritus-type combinations and derivatives 169,000 italicized-bold phrases and combinations 616,500 watchword-forms in quantity, including 137,000 pronunciations 249,300 etymologies 577,000 cross-references and 2,412,400 arrive at quotations.The lexicons latest, complete print edition (Second rendering, 1989) was printed in 20 volumes, comprising 291,500 entries in 21,730 pages. The longest entry in the OED2 was for the verb set, which required 60,000 speech to describe rough 430 senses. As entries began to be rewrite for the OED3 in sequence starting from M, the longes t entry became make in 2000, then put in 2007. 5 Despite its impressive size, the OED is uncomplete the worlds largest nor earliest dictionary. The Dutch dictionary Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, which has similar aims to the OED, is the largest and it took twice as long to complete.The earliest large dictionary is the Grimm brothers dictionary of the Ger spell language, begun in 1838 and completed in 1961. The origin edition of the Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca, which is the set-back great dictionary devoted to a tenderfangled European language (Italian), was published in 1612 the first edition of Dictionnaire de lAcademie francaise dates from 1694. The first edition of the official dictionary of Spanish, the Diccionario de la lengua espanola (produced, edited, and published by the Real Academia Espanola) was published in 1780.The Kangxi dictionary of Chinese was published even earlier, in 1716. The OEDs official policy is to attempt to record a words or so- known usages and variants in all varieties of English past and present, worldwide. Per the 1933 Preface The aim of this dictionary is to present in alphabetical serial the voice communication that have formed the English vocabulary from the clip of the earliest records ca. AD740 down to the present day, with all the relevant facts concerning their form, sense-history, pronunciation, and etymology.It embraces not only the normal language of literature and conversation, whether current at the moment, or obsolete, or archaic, barely excessively the main technical vocabulary, and a large measure of dialectal usage and slang. It continues Hence we exclude all words that had become obsolete by 1150 the decision of the Old English era Dialectal words and forms which occur since 1500 are not admitted, except when they continue the history of the word or sense once in planetary use, illustrate the history of a word, or have themselves a certain literary currency. The OED is the fo cus of much scholarly establish about English words.Its headword variant spellings order list influences written English in English-speaking countries. citation needed edit History edit Origins At first, the dictionary was unconnected to Oxford University but was the idea of a pure group of intellectuals in London6 it sooner was a philological Society project conceived in London by Richard Chenevix Trench, Herbert Coleridge, and Frederick Furnivall, who were dissatisfied with the current English dictionaries. In June 1857, they formed an Unregistered Words Committee to search for unlisted and undefined words lacking in current dictionaries.In November, Trenchs report was not a list of unregistered words instead, it was the study On some(a) Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries, which identified seven distinct shortcomings in contemporary dictionaries Incomplete coverage of obsolete words Inconsistent coverage of families of related words Incorrect dates for earliest use of w ords History of obsolete senses of words often omitted Inadequate distinction among synonyms Insufficient use of good illustrative quotations put wasted on inappropriate or redundant issue.The philological Society, however, ultimately realized that the takings of unlisted words would be far more than than the number of words in the English dictionaries of the 19th century. The Society lawsuitually shifted their idea from only words that were not already in English dictionaries to a more comprehensive project. Trench suggested that a impudently, truly comprehensive dictionary was needed. On 7 January 1858, the Society formally adopted the idea of a comprehensive new dictionary. 7 Volunteer readers would be assigned particular books, copying passages illustrating word usage onto quotation slips.In 1858, the Society agreed to the project in principle, with the statute title A unseasoned English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED). edit Early editor in chiefs Richard Che nevix Trench played the see role in the projects first months, but his ecclesiastical biography meant that he could not give the dictionary project the judgment of conviction required, easily ten yearscitation needed he withdrew, and Herbert Coleridge became the first editor. Frederick Furnivall, 18251910On 12 May 1860, Coleridges dictionary plan was published, and look into started. His house was the first column office.He arrayed 100,000 quotation slips in a 54-pigeon-hole grid. In April 1861, the group published the first sample pages later that month, the thirty-one-year old Coleridge died of tuberculosis. Furnivall then became editor he was enthusiastic and knowledgeable, yet temperamentally ill-suited for the work. 8 Many volunteer readers eventually lost inte equalizer in the project as Furnivall failed to watch over them motivated. Furthermore, many of the slips had been misplaced. Recruited assistants handled cardinal tons of quotation slips and other materials.Furni vall understood the need for an efficient excerpting system, and instituted several prefatory projects. In 1864, he founded the Early English textbook Society, and in 1868, he founded the Chaucer Society for preparing general benefit editions of immediate value to the dictionary project. The compilation lasted 21 years. citation needed In the 1870s, Furnivall unsuccess climby attempted to recruit both Henry Sweet and Henry Nicol to succeed him. He then approached James Murray, who accepted the post of editor. In the late 1870s, Furnivall and Murray met with several publishers about publishing the dictionary.In 1878, Oxford University weight-lift agreed with Murray to proceed with the massive project the agreement was formalized the succeeding(a) year. 9 The dictionary project finally had a publisher 20 years after the idea was conceived. It would be another 50 years before the entire dictionary was complete. Despite the participation of some 800 volunteer readers, the technology of paper-and-ink was the major drawback regarding the arbitrary choices of relatively untrained volunteers about what to read and select and what to discard. cite this quoteclarification needed Late in his editorship Murray learned that one prolific reader W.C. Minor was a outlaw lunatic. 10 Minor, a Yale University trained surgeon and military officer in the U. S. Civil War, was confined to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane after killing a man in London. The story of Minor and Murray is told in Simon Winchesters The Professor and the Madman A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary11 (U. S. title elsewhere The Surgeon of Crowthorne a baloney of murder, madness and the love of words). Minor invented his own quotation-tracking system allowing him to submit slips on specific words in response to editors requests. edit Oxford editors James Murray in the Scriptorium at Banbury RoadDuring the 1870s, the Philological Society was concerned wit h the process of publishing a dictionary with such an immense scope. Although they had pages printed by publishers, no publication agreement was reached both the Cambridge University Press and the Oxford University Press were approached. Finally, in 1879, after two years negotiating by Sweet, Furnivall, and Murray, the OUP agreed to publish the dictionary and to pay the editor, Murray, who was also the Philological Society president.The dictionary was to be published as interval fascicles, with the final form in four-spot 6,400-page volumes. They hoped to finish the project in ten years. Murray started the project, working in a corrugated iron outbuilding, the Scriptorium, which was lined with wooden planks, book shelves, and 1,029 pigeon-holes for the quotation slips. He tracked and regathered Furnivalls collection of quotation slips, which were found to concentrate on rare, interesting words rather than common usages for instance, there were ten times as many quotations for abus ion than for abuse. citation needed Through newspapers distributed to bookshops and libraries, he appealed for readers who would report as many quotations as you can for ordinary words and for words that were rare, obsolete, old-fashioned, new, peculiar or utilise in a peculiar way. cite this quote Murray had the Statesn philologist and liberal-arts-college professor Francis jar against manage the collection in conglutination America 1,000 quotation slips arrived daily to the Scriptorium, and by 1882, there were 3,500,000.The first Dictionary fascicle was published on 1 February 1884-twenty-three years after Coleridges sample pages. The full title was A newfound English Dictionary on Historical Principles Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society the 352-page volume, words from A to Ant, be 12s. 6d or U. S. $3. 25. The total sales were a disappointing 4,000 copies. citation needed The OUP saw it would take too long to complete the work with un rewrit e editorial arrangements. Accordingly, new assistants were hired and two new demands were made on Murray.The first was that he move from Mill Hill to Oxford he did, in 1885. Murray had his Scriptorium re-erected on his new property. The 78 Banbury Road, Oxford, house, at one time residence of James Murray, Editor of the Oxford English DictionaryMurray resisted the second demand that if he could not meet schedule, he must hire a second, senior editor to work in parallel to him, outside his supervision, on words from elsewhere in the alphabet. Murray did not want to share the work, feeling he would accelerate his work pace with experience. citation needed That turned out not to be so, and Philip Gell of the OUP forced the promotion of Murrays assistant Henry Bradley (hired by Murray in 1884), who worked independently in the British Museum in London, beginning in 1888. In 1896, Bradley moved to Oxford University. Gell continued harassing Murray and Bradley with his business concernsc ontaining costs and speedy productionto the point where the projects collapse fall uponmed likely. radicalspapersspecify describe the harassment, and public credit backed the editors.Gell was fired, and the University reversed his cost policies. If the editors felt that the Dictionary would have to grow larger, it would it was an important work, and worth the time and money to properly finish. Neither Murray nor Bradley lived to see it. Murray died in 1915, having been responsible for words starting with A-D, H-K, O-P and T, nearly half the finished dictionary Bradley died in 1923, having completed E-G, L-M, S-Sh, St and W-We. By then two additional editors had been promoted from assistant work to independent work, continuing without much trouble.William Craigie, starting in 1901, was responsible for N, Q-R, Si-Sq, U-V and Wo-Wy. Whereas previously the OUP had thought London too far from Oxford, after 1925 Craigie worked on the dictionary in Chicago, where he was a professor. Th e fourth editor was C. T. Onions, who, starting in 1914, compiled the remaining ranges, Su-Sz, Wh-Wo and X-Z. It was around this time that J. R. R. Tolkien was employed by the OED, researching etymologies of the Waggle to Warlock range 12 he parodied the mavin editors as The Four Wise Clerks of Oxenford in the story Farmer Giles of Ham.Julian Barnes also was an employee he was saidwho? to dislike the work. edit Fascicles By early 1894 a total of 11 fascicles had been published, or about one per year four for A-B, five for C, and two for E. Of these, eight were 352 pages long, date the last one in each group was shorter to end at the letter break (which would eventually become a volume break). At this point it was decided to publish the work in smaller and more frequent instalments once every three months, beginning in 1895, there would now be a fascicle of 4 pages, priced at 2s. 6d. or $1 U. S. If enough material was ready, 128 or even 192 pages would be published together. This pace was maintained until World War I forced reductions in staff. Each time enough consecutive pages were available, the same material was also published in the original larger fascicles. Also in 1895, the title Oxford English Dictionary (OED) was first used. It then appeared only on the outer covers of the fascicles the original title was still the official one and was used everywhere else.The 125th and last fascicle, covering words from Wise to the end of W, was published on 19 April 1928, and the full Dictionary in bound volumes followed immediately. The early modern English prose of Sir Thomas Browne is in all likelihood the approximately frequently quoted source of neologisms in the completed dictionary. William Shakespeare is the most-quoted writer, with Hamlet his most-quoted work. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) is the most-quoted woman writer. Collectively, the Bible is the most-quoted work (but in many different translations) the most-quoted single work is cursor Mundi. ed it Oxford English Dictionary and First Supplement Between 1928 and 1933 enough additional material had been compiled to make a one volume accessory so the dictionary was reissued as the set of 12 volumes and a one-volume supplement in 1933. edit Second Supplement and Second mutant In 1933 Oxford had finally put the Dictionary to rest all work ended, and the quotation slips went into storage. However, the English language continued to change, and by the time 20 years had passed, the Dictionary was outdated.There were three possible slipway to update it. The cheapest would have been to leave the existing work alone and simply compile a new supplement of perhaps one or two volumes but then anyone looking for a word or sense and unsure of its age would have to look in three different places. The most convenient choice for the user would have been for the entire dictionary to be re-edited and retypeset, with each change included in its proper alphabetical place but this would have bee n the most expensive option, with perhaps 15 volumes required to be produced.The OUP chose a middle approach combining the new material with the existing supplement to form a larger replacement supplement. Robert Burchfield was hired in 1957 to edit the second supplement Onions, who turned 84 that year, was still able to make some contributions as well. Burchfield emphasized the cellular inclusion of modern-day language, and through the supplement the dictionary was expanded to include a wealth of new words from the burgeoning fields of accomplishment and technology, as well as popular culture and colloquial speech.Burchfield also broadened the scope to include developments of the language in English-speaking regions beyond the United Kingdom, including North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, and the Caribbean. The work was expected to take seven to ten years. citation needed It actually took 29 years, by which time the new supplement (OEDS) had grown to four volumes, starting with A, H, O and Sea. They were published in 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986 respectively, bringing the complete dictionary to 16 volumes, or 17 counting the first supplement.By this time it was receptive that the full text of the Dictionary would now need to be computerized. Achieving this would require retyping it once, but thereafter it would always be accessible for computer searching as well as for whatever new editions of the dictionary might be desired, starting with an integration of the supplementary volumes and the main text. Preparation for this process began in 1983, and editorial work started the following year under the administrative direction of Timothy J. Benbow, with John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner as co-editors.Editing an entry of the NOED using LEXXAnd so the New Oxford English Dictionary (NOED) project began. More than 120 keyboarders of the International Computaprint Corporation in Tampa, Florida, and Fort Washington, Pennsylvania , USA, started keying in over 350,000,000 characters, their work checked by 55 proof-readers in England. Retyping the text alone was not sufficient all the information represented by the complex typography of the original dictionary had to be retained, which was done by marking up the content in SGML. A specialized search engine and display software were also needed to access it.Under a 1985 agreement, some of this software work was done at the University of Waterloo, Canada, at the Centre for the New Oxford English Dictionary, led by Frank Tompa and Gaston Gonnet this search technology went on to become the basis for the Open Text Corporation. Computer hardware, database and other software, development managers, and programmers for the project were donated by the British subsidiary of IBM the colour syntax-directed editor for the project, LEXX, was written by Mike Cowlishaw of IBM. 13 The University of Waterloo, in Canada, volunteered to design the database. A.Walton Litz, an Engl ish professor at Princeton University who served on the Oxford University Press advisory council, was quoted in Time as saying Ive never been associated with a project, Ive never even heard of a project, that was so incredibly complicated and that met every deadline. 14 By 1989 the NOED project had achieved its primary goals, and the editors, working online, had successfully combined the original text, Burchfields supplement, and a small amount of newer material, into a single unified dictionary. The word new was again dropped from the name, and the Second Edition of the OED, or the OED2, was published.The first edition retronymically became the OED1. The OED2 was printed in 20 volumes. For the first time, there was no attempt to start them on letter boundaries, and they were made roughly equal in size. The 20 volumes started with A, B. B. C. , Cham, Creel, Dvandva, Follow, Hat, Interval, Look, Moul, Ow, Poise, Quemadero, Rob, Ser, Soot, Su, Thru, Unemancipated, and Wave. Although t he content of the OED2 is more often than not just a reorganization of the earlier corpus, the retypesetting provided an opportunity for two long-needed format changes.The headword of each entry was no longer capitalized, allowing the user to readily see those words that actually require a capital letter. Also, whereas Murray had devised his own notation for pronunciation, there being no standard available at the time, the OED2 adopted the modern International Phonetic Alphabet. Unlike the earlier edition, all foreign alphabets except Greek were transliterated. The British quiz show Countdown has awarded the leather-bound complete version to the champions of each series since its inception in 1982. When the print version of the second edition was published in 1989, the response was enthusiastic.The author Anthony Burgess declared it the greatest publishing event of the century, as quoted by Dan Fisher of the Los Angeles Times (25 blemish 1989). cite this quote TIME dubbed the book a scholarly Everest,14 and Richard Boston, writing for the London Guardian (24 March 1989), called it one of the wonders of the world. cite this quote New material was published in the Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series, which consisted of two small volumes in 1993, and a third in 1997, bringing the dictionary to a total of 23 volumes.Each of the supplements added about 3,000 new definitions. However, no more Additions volumes are planned, and it is not expected that any part of the Third Edition, or OED3, will be printed in fascicles. edit Compact editions In 1971, the 13-volume OED1 (1933) was reprinted as a two-volume, Compact Edition, by photographically reducing each page to one-half its linear dimensions each blockheaded edition page held four OED1 pages in a four-up (4-up) format. The two volume letters were A and P the Supplement was at the second volumes end.The Compact Edition included, in a small slip-case drawer, a magnifying glass to help in reading reduced ty pe. Many copies were inexpensively distributed through book clubs. In 1987, the second Supplement was published as a third volume to the Compact Edition. In 1991, for the OED2, the compact edition format was re-sized to one-third of original linear dimensions, a nine-up (9-up) format requiring greater magnification, but allowing publication of a single-volume dictionary. It was accompanied by a agnifying glass as before and A Users Guide to the Oxford English Dictionary, by Donna Lee Berg. After these volumes were published, though, book club offers commonly continued to sell the two-volume 1971 Compact Edition. edit Electronic versions A screenshot of the first version of the OED Second Edition CD-ROM software. Once the text of the dictionary was digitized and online, it was also available to be published on CD-ROM. The text of the First Edition was made available in 1988. Afterward, three versions of the second edition were issued.Version 1 (1992) was identical in content to the p rinted Second Edition, and the CD itself was not copy-protected. Version 2 (1999) had some additions to the corpus, and updated software with improved searching features, but it had clumsy copy-protection that made it difficult to use and would even cause the program to deny use to OUP staff in the middle of demonstrating the product. citation needed Version 3. 0 was released in 2002 with additional words and software improvements, though its copy-protection remained as unforgiving as that of the earlier version.Version 3. 1. 1 (2007) includes a beget to the less restrictive nature of version 1, with support for hard disk installation, so that the user does not have to insert the CD to use the dictionary. It has been reported that this version will work on operating systems other than Microsoft Windows, using emulation programs. 1516 Version 4. 0 of the CD, available since June 2009, works with Windows 7 and, for the first time ever, with Mac OS X (10. 4 or later). 1718 This versi on will use the CD drive for installation, running only from the hard drive.On 14 March 2000, the Oxford English Dictionary Online (OED Online) became available to subscribers. 19 The online database contains the entire OED2 and is updated quarterly with revisions that will be included in the OED3 (see below). The online edition is the most up-to-date version of the dictionary available. Whilst the OED web site is not optimised for mobile devices, they have stated that there are plans to provide an API which would enable developers to develop different interfaces for querying the OED. 20 As the price for an several(prenominal) to use this edition, even after a reduction in 2004, is ? 95 or US$295 every year, most subscribers are large organizations such as universities. Some of them do not use the Oxford English Dictionary Online portal and have legally downloaded the entire database into their organizations computers. citation needed Some public libraries and companies have subsc ribed as well, including, in March and April 2006, most public libraries in England, Wales, and New Zealand212223 any person belonging to a library subscribing to the attend to is able to use the service from their own home.Another method of payment was introduced in 2004, offering residents of North or South America the opportunity to pay US$29. 95 a month to access the online site. edit Third Edition The planned Third Edition, or OED3, is intended as a nearly complete overhaul of the work. Each word is being examined and revised to improve the accuracy of the definitions, derivations, pronunciations, and historical quotationsa task requiring the efforts of a staff consisting of more than 300 scholars, researchers, readers, and consultants, and projected to cost about $55 million.The result is expected to double the overall length of the text. The style of the dictionary will also change slightly. The original text was more literary, in that most of the quotations were taken from novels, plays, and other literary sources. The new edition, however, will reference all manner of printed resources, such as cookbooks, wills, technical manuals, specialist journals, and rock lyrics. The pace of inclusion of new words has been increased to the rate of about 4,000 a year.The estimated date of completion is 2037. 2425 New content can be viewed through the OED Online or on the periodically updated CD-ROM edition. As of 1993, John Simpson is the Chief Editor. Since the first work by each editor tends to require more revision than his later, more robed work, (work on the first edition was begun at A) it was decided to balance out this effect, by performing the early, and perhaps itself less polished, work of the current revision at a letter other than A.Accordingly, the main work of the OED3 has been proceeding in sequence from the letter M. When the OED Online was launched in March 2000, it included the first batch of revised entries (officially described as draft entr ies), stretching from M to mahurat, and successive sections of text have since been released on a quarterly basis by March 2010, the revised section had reached Rg. As new work is done on words in other parts of the alphabet, this is also included in each quarterly release.In March 2008, the editors announced that they would alternate each quarter between moving forward in the alphabet as before and updating key English words from across the alphabet, along with the other words which make up the alphabetical cluster surrounding them. The production of the new edition takes full advantage of computers, particularly since the June 2005 inauguration of the whimsically named Perfect All-Singing All-Dancing Editorial and Notation Application, or Pasadena. With this XML-based system, the attention of lexicographers can be directed more to matters of content than to presentation issues such as the numbering of definitions. The new system has also simplified the use of the quotations datab ase, and enabled staff in New York to work directly on the Dictionary in the same way as their Oxford-based counterparts. 26 Other important computer uses include internet searches for evidence of current usage, and e-mail submissions of quotations by readers and the general public.Wordhunt was a 2005 appeal to the general public for help in providing citations for 50 selected recent words, and produced antedatings for many. The results were reported in a BBC TV series, Balderdash and Piffle. The OEDs small army of devoted readers continue to contribute quotations the department currently receives about 200,000 a year. edit Spelling Main article Oxford spelling The OED lists British headword spellings (e. g. labour, centre) with variants following (labor, center, etc. ). For the suffix more commonly spelt -ise in British English, OUP policy dictates a preference for the spelling -ize, e. . realize vs realise and globalization vs globalisation. The rationale is partly linguistic, tha t the English suffix mainly derives from the Greek suffix - , (-izo), or the Latin -izare however, -ze is also an Americanism insofar as the -ze suffix has crept into words where it did not originally belong, as with analyse (British English), which is spelt analyze in American English. 27 See also -ise/-ize at American and British English spelling differences. The sentence The group analysed labour statistics published by the organization is an example of OUP practice.This spelling (indicated with the registered IANA language tag en-GB-oed) is used by the United Nations, the World Trade fundamental law, the International Organization for Standardization, and many British academic publications, such as Nature, the Biochemical Journal, and The Times Literary Supplement. edit Criticisms Despite its claim of authoritycitation needed on the English language, the Oxford English Dictionary has been criticised from sundry(a) angles. Indeed, it has become a target precisely because of its massiveness, its claims to authority, and, above all, its influence.In his review of the 1982 supplement, University of Oxford linguist Roy Harris writes that criticizing the OED is extremely difficult because one is dealing not just with a dictionary but with a national institution, one that has become, like the English monarchy, virtually immune from criticism in principle. 28 Harris also criticises what he sees as the black-and-white lexicography of the Dictionary, by which he means its reliance upon printed language over spokenand then only privileged forms of printing. He further notes that, while neologisms from respected literary authors such as Samuel Beckett and VirginiaWoolf are included, usage of words in newspapers or other, less respectable, sources hold less sway, although they may be commonly used. 28 In contrast, Tim Bray, co-creator of Extensible Markup Language (XML), credits the OED as the developing inspiration of that markup language. Similarly, the author Anu Garg, founder of Wordsmith. org, has called the Oxford English Dictionary a lex icon. 29 edit See also Canadian Oxford Dictionary Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English Concise Oxford English Dictionary New Oxford American Dictionary Oxford Advanced Learners DictionaryOxford Dictionary of English Shorter Oxford English Dictionary edit Notes OED2 from Amazon. com Oxford University Press OED is through Rg from the official OED website OED Facts http//www. oed. com/news/updates/revisions0712. html Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York HarperPernnial. pp. 103104, 112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York HarperPernnial. pp. 107108. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York HarperPernnial. pp. 110. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York HarperPernnial. pp. 111112. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon ( 1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York HarperPernnial. p. xiii. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. Winchester, Simon (1999). The Professor and the Madman. New York HarperPernnial. ISBN 0-06-083978-3. OED Contributors Tolkien LEXX A programmable structured editor, Cowlishaw, M. F. , IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol 31, No. 1, 1987, IBM Reprint order number G322-0151 a b Paul Gray, A Scholarly Everest Gets Bigger, Time, 27 March 1989. R. J. Holmgren, v3. x under Mac OS X and Linux, last revised 22 March 2008. Accessed 19 April 2008 Bernie from ELearnAid. com, Oxford English Dictionary News, 6 May 2004. Accessed 19 April 2008 Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Version 4. 0 (Windows & Mac). http//www. amazon. com/Oxford-English-Dictionary-Version-Windows/dp/0199563837/. Mac Compatibility. http//www. oup. co. uk/ep/cdroms/oed/oed2v3_11/4. Juliet New (22 March 2000). The worlds greatest dictionary goes online. Ariadne (23). ISSN 1361-3200. http//www. ariadne. ac. k/issue 23/oed-online/. Retrieved 18 March 2007. , Looking Forward to an Oxford English Dictionary API. http//blog. webometrics. org. uk/2009/08/looking-forward-to-oxford-english. html. Oxford Online in English Public Libraries. http//www. oup. com/online/englishpubliclibraries/. New Zealand procurement. http//epic. org. nz/nl/Procurement. html. OED on-line New Zealand. http//epic. org. nz/nl/oup. htmloed. Stephanie Willen Brown, From Unregistered Words to OED3, CogSci Librarian, 23 August 2007. Accessed 23 October 2007. Simon Winchester.History of the Oxford English Dictionary TVOntario Big Ideas. (27 May 2007). Podcast accessed on 1 December 2007. Liz Thompson (December 2005). Pasadena A Brand New System for the OED (PDF). Oxford English Dictionary News (Oxford University Press) p. 4. http//oed. com/pdfs/oed-news-2005-12. pdf. Retrieved 15 March 2007. http//www. askoxford. com/asktheexperts/faq/aboutspelling/ize? view=get a b Harris 1982, p. 935. Globe & Mail edit References Cre aser, Wanda. appraise of Willinsky, John, Empire of Words The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary.Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature 501 (1996) 108109. JSTOR. 7 April 2008. 1 Harris, Roy (3 September 1982). The History men. Times Literary Supplement 935936. Gleick, James (5 November 2006). Cyber-Neologoliferation. The New York Times Magazine. edit Further reading Caught in the Web of Words J. A. H. Murray and the Oxford English Dictionary, by K. M. Elisabeth Murray, Oxford University Press and Yale University Press, 1977 new edition 2001, Yale University Press, trade paperback, ISBN 0-300-08919-8.Empire of Words The Reign of the Oxford English Dictionary, by John Willinsky, Princeton University Press, 1995, hardcover, ISBN 0-691-03719-1. The Meaning of Everything The Story of the Oxford English Dictionary, Simon Winchester, Oxford University Press, 2003, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-860702-4. (UK title) The Surgeon of Crowthorne / (US title) The Professor and the Madman A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of The Oxford English Dictionary, by Simon Winchester see The Surgeon of Crowthorne for full details of the various editions.Lost for Words The Hidden History of the Oxford English Dictionary, by Lynda Mugglestone, Yale University Press, 2005, hardcover, ISBN 0-300-10699-8. The Ring of Words Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary, by Peter Gilliver, Jeremy Marshall, and Edmund Weiner, Oxford University Press, 2006, hardcover, ISBN 0-19-861069-6. Treasure-House of the Language the Living OED, Charlotte Brewer, Yale University Press, 2007, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-300-12429-3. Chasing the Sun Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made, by Jonathon Green, Jonathan Cape, 1996, hardcover, ISBN 0-224-04010-3. edit External links The Oxford English Dictionarys official website catalogue of documents (as page images), including Trenchs original Deficiencies in our English Dictionaries paper Murrays original appeal for readers Their page of OE D statistics, and another such page. Two sample pagesPDF (1. 54 MiB) from the OED. Examining the OED Charlotte Brewers analysis of the principles and practices used by OED editors Bibliography of critical assessments of OED or accounts of its history, from Examining the OED The OED Meets Cyberspace James Gleicks 2006 article.

Poetry and Dwarf Essay

The thought-provoking poem, Assisi, written by Nor hu reality being MacCaig is based on when MacCaig went to Assisi to visit the beautiful church built in St Francis name. The main character we read about, a dominate sitting outside the church, is described in a way which evokes great sympathy for him. The writer achieves this by forming a vivid description of the dwarf and utilize different techniques economic aiding him create sympathy for the dwarf from the reader. The first four lines of the poem create an trope of the dwarf which is non rattling pleasant.The dwarf with his hands on backwards/ Sat, slumped like a half-filled sack/On tiny twisted legs from which/ Saw distribute might widen The very first line of the poem is a very direct, blunt opening statement. The idea of the dwarfs hands being on backwards is so sorry that at once the reader starts to pity the dwarf. Using alliteration in the second line sat slumped makes it seem that the dwarf sees no point in spirit edness anymore.The poet uses a simile to describe the way the dwarf was sitting, depicting him as a half filled sack showing that the dwarf had been disgrace by everyone surrounding him, making the writer annoyed that nobody is noticing the dwarf.MacCaig uses a metaphor on the third and fourth lines of the poem, tiny twisted legs from which saw dust might run giving an idea of how small and weak the dwarf really is, not being able to move very far, on that pointfore living a miserable life in the same place. MacCaig refers back to the dwarf neargonr the end of the poem, evoking even greater sympathy for him. The ruined temple outside, whose look/ Wept pus, whose back was higher/ Than his head, whose lopsided mouth/ Said grazie in a voice as sweet/ As a childs when she intercommunicate to her mother/ Or a bird when it spoke/ To St Francis.The poet uses the phrase ruined temple to show that the dwarfs appearance is made in matinee idols image and even though his appearance may be destroyed, inside he is still just a normal man, like everyone else. MacCaig using the pronounces wept pus creates a very unpleasant picture with the idea of pus coming out of the dwarfs eyes but also a very sad picture with the idea that the dwarf was crying. Whose back was higher than his head, whose lopsided mouth, the writer says this to, again, accentuate the disturbing appearance of the dwarf, implying that the dwarf has a hunchback.At the end of the stanza, the poet surprises the reader when he uses the simile as sweet as a child as coming from a man with such a bad physical appearance, the reader does not expect the dwarfs voice to be sweet. Throughout the poem, the dwarf is compared to different people and the church. In the first stanza MacCaig uses juxtaposition amidst the dwarf and the extraordinary building of the church, at the beginning he introduces the dwarf, and he then describes the church.He shows the comparison of how elaborate and wonderful the church at Ass isi is, and how there is a dwarf, with a very miserable life, sitting outside. There is also a sense or irony in that, even though St Francis strived to help poor people, so much so that he got a church built in his name, there is still a very poor man sitting outside the church and nobody tries to help him. The second stanza concentrates on the priest, a man who is supposed to understand and share the meaning of Gods book of account. A priest explained/How clever it was of Giotto/ To make his frescoes tell stories/ That would reveal to the illiterate the goodness/ Of god and the suffering/ Of his son. I understand/ The explanation and/ The cleverness. The word a is used by MacCaig to introduce the priest. This indefinite article makes it seem like the priest is one of many, perhaps in criticism of the church itself, yet when he addresses the dwarf, the poet uses the word the which suggests that the poet saw the dwarf as an individual, not like the priest who is just one of many.I n this stanza the priest is showing the tourists around the church, showing them the frescoes that Giotto produced, explaining the word of god in pictures so that the illiterate could understand Gods word. The priest uses a very condescending tone when he speaks to the tourists, using a tone that suggests that he wanted to show off his church and his frescoes because he wanted the tourists to think that the he was very important. At the start of the final stanza, in reference to the second stanza, the writer describes how the tourists were acting.A rush of tourists, clucking contentedly,/ Fluttered after him as he scattered/ The grain of the Word. It was they who had passed. Here, the tourists are compared to hens who are clucking, chasing their master trying to stick some grain, in this case Gods word. This refers to the parable the sewer and the seed. They represent the seeds that could not grow, who got caught in the thorns or thrown on the path, not understanding Gods word and therefore not growing into a healthy crop.The Priest would represent the farmer, sharing Gods word amongst the tourists. There are many themes in this poem but one of the main themes is the hypocrisy of the church. We see the church as an organisation that we expect to do good and help people less fortunate than themselves, and yet in the poem, Assisi, the priest, a representative of the church completely ignores the dwarf, an example of a poor man who the church should be helping, walking straight past him, not even acknowledging the dwarfs existence.This suggests that the church and also the priest dont understand the meaning of what they are meant to be sharing, the true meaning of God, to help others. In conclusion, MacCaig manages to evoke a lot of sympathy for the dwarf. He does this by using detailed descriptions and comparisons between the dwarf and the church and priest. This makes for an interesting, thought provoking poem.

Human Resources Issues in Mining

piece Resource Strategies 660 Monday, Trimester 1 2011, 18th April Assignment 3 HR Case Analysis at Workplace Word Count2500 I. Introduction The Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2008 affected lots of industries including the miners. Employment in digging is particularly vulnerable to a cycle of rapid expansion and contraction, as changing economic circumstances cause demand and prices for certain commodities to nurture or fall. Eventually the GFC resulted in lots of labour cutbacks in the alternative effort (Australian Government, 2009).The key human resources (HR) altercates facing the West Australian excavation industry for the next few eld be considered to be replacing retirees the retention of key talent growing the talent pool training and knowledge and care provide motivated (Dickie and Dwyer, 2010). On the different cave in the WA Chamber of Minerals & Energy (CME, 2006) identified a chassis of HR strategic issues for the WA resource sector like skills shortage, e mployee suckion and retention, flexible workplace practices, indigenous employment opportunities and community-regional services.The company I work for mulish to go through downsizing in order to reduce the operating costs during GFC. This article aims to delineate some(prenominal) HR issues as a result of global downsizing change in the organisation. The main focus will be sudden redundancies, decrease in motivation, labour shortage, wellness and sentry duty issues and recruitment of new employees. Since several HR issues are inter cogitate to each other, with the purpose of this article, the main focus will be mainly on downsizing policy and its short and long border do in the organisation. II. The Downsizing Policy and Its effectuateOrganizational downsizing is a prevalent strategy designed to improve organisational performance while selectively decreasing costs. It refers to an organizational decision to reduce the workforce in order to improve organizational performance (Kozlowski et al. , 1993). Therefore stemming from the desire to become more efficient and rough-and-ready, firms in some(prenominal) the private and the public sectors has adopted downsizing strategies (Cameron, 1987). Furthermore, the increasingly dynamic and competitive workplace and the trend toward globalization have prompted many firms to downsize (Appelbaum et. l, 1999). The GFC created considerable uncertainty, in the mine industry. In addition to the recruitment and retention issues, organisations were faced with trying to keep staff motivated at a time when more production line losses were predicted and budgets became getting tighter (Dickie and Dwyer,2010). My circulating(prenominal) employer decided to go through global downsizing as a response to GFC. Fifty percent of the employees were made redundant and number of the projects was tremendously decreased cod to the limited budget. The HR subdivision played an active business office in that period to manage t he downsizing process.One of the strengths during this process was property close communication between HR and the upper level managers. The process was completed with collaborative work between HR and way. The professional assist acquire from consultants involved improvement the employees self awareness levels, increase their motivation and confidence as well as creating effective CVs. However during downsizing process several HR related issues started to rise in the company. The employees who remained in the company lost their trust and motivation.Besides due to loss of skilled labour the productivity decreased and the resultant numbers dramatically increased. The turn-over rates were high and the team dynamics were damaged. Eventually the sudden decision given by upper managerial level due to economical downturn resulted serious HR issues in the company. The downsizing process and its long and short term influences for this case study is summarised in Figure 1 below. Global Downsizing Global Financial Crisis HR Issues Redundancies Survival syndrome in remain employees Increased turn-over records Skills Shortage Increase number of injuries in the company centering of HR Issues rough recruitment policy (overseas transfers, secondments , graduates) Employee Engagement Survey Re-evaluation of salary packages and staff benefits Job Analysis and Talent perspicacity Improved Graduate Development Program Maintaining trainings and developments return in Health and Safety System Figure 1. The HR Issues of company. II. A. Survival Syndrome Since company mainly focused on those who lost their jobs the employees who remained in the company suffered more after redundancies. Employee resentment and concern, loss of morale was high among the remaining employees.The labour shortage created several issues for employees like job burnouts, working longer hours, increased pressure, and role overload and decrease morale. Unfortunately the bad influence of downsizing on the psychology of remaining employees was non well managed by HR department of the company. Brockner (1992) defines the survivor syndrome as impact of downsizing on the remaining employees. There is considerable evidence that remaining employees feel shocked, embittered towards management, fearful about their future and guilty about still having a job whilst colleagues have been laid off.Such employees are more likely to have lower morale and increased stress levels, be slight productive, and less loyal with increased quit levels. According to study 70 percent of senior managers who remained in downsized firms reported that morale, trust, and productivity declined after downsizing those who escape their jobs may seem the most affected by downsizing, it is more likely that the employees who remain suffer the more negative effects (Appelbaum et. al, 1999). Eventually the HR was non able to create good strategy to keep the remaining employees motivation high during downsizing pro cess.Shook and Roth (2010) explained that failure to identify employee issues in the pre-downsizing due diligence form creates a chaotic workplace atmosphere and increases employee fears and stress levels. These change events affect career uncertainty, fear, and stress in employees. Employees have long-term memories of their old comfortable subtlety and they fight to keep it. Employee resistance includes a variety of passive as well as aggressive techniques. Culture change may take years to complete and can be difficult to manage, even when HR is fully engaged and supported.These transitions are more difficult to manage when HR is not involved. In fact, nuance change may never be fully realized without HR support because of the human resistance (Szabla, 2007). Furthermore due to limited professionals the remaining staff started to have difficulty to maintain the work and life remainder. The consequences of imbalance between work and personal or family life were visible at the wor kplace. The randy exhaustion, cynicism and burnouts were common. Unfortunately The HR department was not fully aware of the situation until the employee turnovers increased and also effectiveness decreased.With shortages of professionals and an active economy the pressures on existing employees looks confine to rise and therefore this is an area which needs to be benchmarked and revisited with a view to adopting best practice throughout the sector (Wilkinson, 2008). II. B. Skills Shortage On the other hand downsizing affects employees affectional commitment to the organization both directly and indirectly. However, its indirect impact is much stronger (Lee and Corbett, 2005). Apart form the short term sudden effects the long term effects of the downsizing started in the organisation.Working with less force resulted in company to have inadequate proviso of talent, increasing number of health and safeguard incidents at workplace and delays in production due to limited talented la bour force. Especially after the recent mining boom, the company decided to increase the number of production activities in spite of limited skilled labour. It is a big challenge nowadays to find the specialised professionals in the mining industry. Apparently the HR division and management team chosen to sign up on short-term needs rather than the organisations long term eeds during GFC. Sheaffer et. al (2009) claim that whereas downsizing affects the short-term performance of larger and established companies positively, it generally affects long-term performance inversely. A common mistake for HR managers is to concentrate on short-term replacement needs rather than on the organisations long-range HR requirements. Such a non-strategic approach causes management to be caught unawareness by changes in employee availability and tint of labour, creates a series of short-term dilemmas.Stone also adds that of the right numbers of qualified and skilled employees are not available, an o rganisation may not be able to meet its strategic business objectives (Stone, 2010). The mining companies are now beginning to acknowledge that the current supply shortage is already impacting the productivity, efficiency and profitability of their operations. The shortage of skilled workers in combination with high turn-over rates are among the top factors impacting industry growth, either by stopping or delaying projects that would otherwise proceed, or by significantly adding to the cost of new projects (Schultz and Grimm, 2008).During boom multiplication, mining companies find it difficult to attract staff, even though huge salaries are on offer. This highlights a challenge quite unique to mining namely, attracting highly skilled people to the remote location of most mine sites (Ednie, 2004). Eventually the skills shortage is still one of the biggest issues in the organisation. Since most of the experienced (high-cost) employees were made redundant company faces challenges in fi nding the experienced professionals. The HR department started the recruitment process however the mining market is still sparse of skilled professionals in specific roles.This is one of the biggest challenges for the HR department. II. C. Health and Safety Issues distressing occupational health and pencil eraser (OHS) performance equates with poor human resource management (HRM), and poor ethical, legal and social responsibility (Stone, 2010). Since the mining boom shit the market recently the mining organisations increased their production activities in order to compete among the resource market. However the number of the staff stayed same while the number of projects was tremendously increasing. This lead to enhance health and safety related incidents at work place.Specifically in this case during the downsizing process most experienced staff with extensive safety culture made redundant. This created a big suspension in management of health and safety issues in the company. W hen employees leave, they take valuable process knowledge, customer and supplier relationships and a host of organizational know-how with them (Schultz and Grimm, 2008). The inexperienced new employees (i. e graduates, overseas staff) have difficulty in implementing the high quality safety standards due to their sparse knowledge about the safety system of the organisation.Therefore increased emphasis on HR management is particularly important to the development of safety culture in the organisation. On the other hand once the crisis in the division was more visible due to increased number of incidents and low quality work the HR department started to take active role in collaboration with upper management. The pro-active recruitment strategy implemented in order to attract more skilled employees. Moreover global employee engagement survey was performed in order to evaluate the current employees satisfaction and asses the major HR related issues at that time.This survey added tremend ous value to the group to define the major problems in the organisation. The HR department in collaboration with upper managers performed well by initiating extensive survey and also by following up the survey results. III. Improvement in HR Strategies Successive HR planning is essential in order to solve any HR issues at the workplace. During the downsizing process HR department has an important role. Chadwick et al. (2004) indicates that downsizing is more likely to be effective in the longer term when accompanied by accompanied by practices that reinforce the contribution of HR to financial success (e. . , extensive communication, respectful manipulation of redundant employees and attention to survivors concerns over job security). Levin (2009) identified three broad priorities in Australian businesses (1) Retention strategies. (2) Downsizing or Right sizing body process will continue. (3) Organisations need to continue to invest in their people. In a downturn economy, HR pract itioners need to be emphasising to their organisations that it is necessary to do the right subject for the long-term value and sustainability of the business (Levin,2009).This includes recognising the link between leaders and performance, and hence ensuring that leading talent is retained, developed and, most importantly, allowed to lead through the tough times (HRL, 2009). Based on the literature survey several strategies are proposed in this section to manage the previously defined critical HR issues A. Investment in HR systems in the organisation Especially during the global decisions the HR should be in collaboration with all levels of management.Alignment between the business and human resource management (HRM) strategy is the key factor of success for organisations (Wylie,2005 and Wang and Shyu, 2008). Implementing proactive HRM practices and succession planning programs should be one of the targets. B. Gap Analysis Clear understanding of the problems is severe in HR practi ce. In order to manage the survivor syndrome HR should focus on motivation of remaining employees. The department can make detailed gap analysis and survey in order to assess the staff morale and expectations. This should be followed by upper management actions.C. Optimising Human Capital Mining companies demand to communicate the reasons for staff redundancies and budget cutbacks and engage their staff in decisions going forward in order to generate trust among their remaining workforce so that they could remain competitive once the economy improved. HR should create serious strategies in order to make people connected to the organisation (Dickie and Dwyer, 2010). D. Talent Assessment The employee talent assessment in collaboration with HR and line managers will address the current skills gap in the organisation.This will also give good understanding about the skills and expectations of the current staff. E. Training and Career Development Developing a collaborative, cross-industr y strategy for training/educational programs and employer-provided training to facilitate the availability of a skilled labour force is one of the retention strategies. Company should actively support and enhance the people skills and relational abilities of all employees through training and development programs (Dickie and Dwyer, 2010).With this perspective well structured graduate and mentoring program also can be attractive especially for the Gen Y workers. F. Focus on improvements in leadership Training managers to actively manage retention in their areas also adds value. Besides the leadership competencies of the management should be improved ino der to solve the current challenge. Pick et. al (2010) proposes action reflection learning (ARL) methodology as an HR tool to improve the skills of leaders in the organisation. G. Improvement in Health and Safety The current safety culture should be measured by HR.Sexton et al (2006) describes Safety Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) as an HR tool which helps to measure the team work climate, job satisfaction, perceptions of management, safety climate, working conditions and stress recognition. Also learning from incidents as well as improved safety system should be managed by HR. On the other hand visible leadership and supervising on sites should be maintained to assist the new employees. H. Growing the Talent Pool Since it is a big challenge to attract the best employees in the market, employee benefit offerings such as full medical, dental, profit sharing and wellness programs could be effective.Attractive packages in a work culture with a family-oriented atmosphere need to be developed. Recruitment strategies should be improved to persuade the skilled specialists in the market. I. Communication The mostly effective companies have nonpartisan communication between senior leaders and employees. A good communication plan on how to deliver HR initiatives would be beneficial (Dickie and Dwyer,2010). IV. Conclusion S ince mining operations operate with a finite resource, often remote locations, require specialised skills, with high capital intensity and are subject to political, social and environmental global issues.Downsizing policies will be choice of the organisations in the market with plunging commodity prices and falling demand (Dickie and Dwyer,2010). Strong HR strategy creating a link between leadership and performance is a key factor to cope with these trends in the resource sector. References Appelbaum, S. H. , A. , Everard, and L. T. S. , Hung. 1999. Strategic downsizingcritical success factors. Management Decision, 37(70) 535-552. http//www. emeraldinsight. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au Brockner, J. 1992. Managing the Effects of Layoffs on Survivors, California Management Review. (34) 9-27.Cameron, K. S. , D. A. , Whetten, and M. U. , Kim. 1987. Organizational dysfunctions of decline, Academy of Management Journal, 30 126-38. Chadwick, C. , L. W. , Hunter, and S. L. , Walston. 200 4. Effects of Downsizing Practices on the Performance of Hospitals, Strategic Management Journal, 25(5)405427. CME . 2006. Australia Strategic Management Issues Facing WA in 2007 and beyond, Chamber of Minerals & Energy, Perth. Department of Resources Energy and Tourism, Australian Government, 2009. Our people Demographics, workforce and Indigenous Participation. Enhancing Australias Economic Prosperity. ttp//www. ret. gov. au/energy Dickie, C. , and Dwyer, J. 2010. A 2009 perspective of HR practices in Australian mining. Journal of Management Development. 30(4)329-343. Ednie, H. 2004. Innovative solutions for minings human resource challenges, CIM Bulletin, 97(1076)9. HRL. 2009. How HR Can Revive to Survive, Human Resources Leader, Chatswood. Kozlowski, W. J. S. ,G. T. , Chao, E. M. , Smith, and J. , Hedlund. 1993. Organizational downsizing strategies, interventions, and research implications, International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8 263-317.Levin, A. 200 9. HR Priorities in 2009 The Landscape Continues to Change, Brisbane. http//www. astorlevin. com Lee, J. , and J. M. Corbett. 2005. The impact of downsizing on employees affective commitment, Journal of Managerial Psychology,21(3)176-199. Pick, D. , K. ,Dayaram and B. Butler. 2010. Regional development and global capitalismthe case of the Pilbara, Western Australia, Society and Business Review, 5(1)99-110. http//www. emeraldinsight. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au Schultz, R. and M. , Grimm. 2008.Recruitment and Retention Challenges in the Mining Industry, MRC-Business Consulting Services. http//mining. com Sexton, J. B. , R. L. Helmreaich, T. B. Neilands, K. Rowan, K. Vella, J. Boyden. , et al. 2006a. The safety attitudes questionmnairePschometric properties, benchmarking data, and emerging research. BMC Health Services Research, 6(1) 1-44. Sheaffer,Z. , A. Carmeli, M. S. , Revivo, and S. Zionit. 2009. Dwonsizing strategies and organisational performancea longitudinal study, Manage ment Divison, 47(6)950-974. http//www. emeraldinsight. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au/Shook, L. V. , and G. Roth. 2010. Downsizings, mergers, and acquisitions Perspectives of human resource development practitioners, Journal of European Industrial Training. 35(2)135-153. http//www. emeraldinsight. com. dbgw. lis. curtin. edu. au Stone, R. J. (2008) Managing Human Resources 3rd Edition, Brisbane John Wiley & Sons. Szabla, D. 2007. A multidimensional view of resistance to organizational change exploring cognitive, emotional, and intentional responses to planned change across perceived leadership strategies, Human Resource Development Quarterly, 18( 4)525-58.Wang, D. and C. , Shyu. 2008. Will the strategic fit between business and HRM strategy influence HRM effectiveness and organisational performance? , International Journal of Manpower, 29(2)92. Wilkinson, S. J. 2008. Work-life balance in the Australian and New Zealand surveying profession, Structural Survey, 26(2)120-130. Wylie, J. 2005. The ideal antidote to shrinking margins doing more with your existing assets and people, Engineering and Mining Journal, 206(6)58.